IST195 Final Exam

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SU Fall 2022

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191 Terms

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is e-commerce or e-business bigger?
e-commerce is a part of e-business
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venture capital
companies that raise money from a variety of investors and then invest a large sum of money in a project in its late stage. investors are looking to grow that business. plays a vital role in a startup's growth.
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angel investors
people with excess money that want to takes a risk. ex: shark tank
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types of funding
bootstrap, friends and family, loan, crowdfunding, angel investors, venture capital
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bootstrap funding
you pay out of your own pocket
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crowdfunding
kickstarter, gofundme, etc
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e-business
any process that a business organization conducts over a computer-mediated network
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e-commerce
buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. a part of e-business
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IaaS
infrastructure as a service. renting a computer on the cloud, needs additional operating power. cloud hosting; having multiple servers to run your business
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SaaS
software as a service. uses software from the cloud. user has less control over it
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EC2
IaaS for computing power
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S3
amazon web services. IaaS but specifically for storage
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product manager
works on roadmap and features that will provide the most value to customers. creates a vision of where the product is going (product development)
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project manager
works directly with the customer, manages relationships and expectations with clients. creates timeline for sprints
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agile software development life cycle (SDLC)
instead of betting everything on a "big bang" launch, an agile team delivers their work in small, but consumable, increments. work in sprints, allowing the team to learn through experiences.
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central processing unit (CPU)
the brain of any computing device aka the semiconductor. processes all the information. how fast a computer is dependent on how many CPUs there are.
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IPv4
the original internet protocol (IP) schematic when the internet was first created
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a legitimate IPv4 address is made up of
4 sets of numbers, each between 0 and 255. ex: 128.5.12.89
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IPv6
the solution for when the internet ran out of numbers for IPv4
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careers that exist within IT jobs
technical, operational, managerial
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technical jobs
web/software developer, systems admin, network architect, information security, data scientist, database admin
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operational jobs
help desk, computer support specialist, user experience/graphic design, tech sales/account management, quality assurance
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managerial jobs
IT manager, applications project manager, product manager, systems/support manager, CIO/CTO director
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the great resignation
the trend of employees voluntarily leaving their jobs, from spring 2021 to the present, primarily in the US. people want to work from home more and were chasing higher paying jobs because the market was hot. has changed the IT industry globally.
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quiet quitting
people are only doing the bare minimum in their jobs instead of going above and beyond what is expected of them
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4 soft skills to be successful
1. self awareness
2. listen and communicate
3. work with different types of people
4. empathy: infer what others are thinking and feeling
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NFT
non-fungible token. a unique digital collectible that has value to it. uses blockchain to act as a non-duplicable digital certificate of ownership
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blockchain
a decentralized network of computers
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smart contracts
establishes the terms of an agreement that are executed as code running on a blockchain. follows simple "if/when... then..." statements
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benefits of smart contracts
1. speed, efficiency, accuracy
2. trust and transparency
3. security
4. cuts out intermediaries
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characteristics of blockchain
secure, open source, decentralized
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1000 bytes
1 kilobyte
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1000 kilobytes/1 million bytes
1 megabyte
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1000 megabytes/1 billion bytes
1 terabyte
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1000 terabytes/1 trillion bytes
1 petabyte
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8 bits
1 byte
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a bit is either
1 or 0
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what is an operating system?
provides user interface, manages resources, runs applications, file management
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types of operating systems
1. embedded; ex: smartwatches, traffic lights, elevators, iOT
2. standalone; ex: desktop operating systems (macOS, Windows)
3. mobile operating systems; ex: iOS 16, Android 12
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founder of Windows/Microsoft
Bill Gates
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founder of MacOS/Apple
Steve Jobs
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founder of Unix
Ken Thompson
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founder of Linux
Linus Torvalds
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open source OS
Linux
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cryptography
based on math. uses keys to encrypt messages
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steganography
hides a message within a message. no encryption, just hiding. need to know what to look for in order to find the message
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types of cryptography
symmetric and asymmetric
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symmetric encryption
uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt
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asymmetric encryption
uses two keys (public and private)
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asymmetric decryption: jeff wants to send bob an encrypted message, so he uses _____ to encrypt and bob uses _____ to decrypt
bob's public key; bob's private key
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RAM
random access memory chip that holds programs and data that the computer is presently processing. very volatile
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what is the fastest memory source?
cache level 1 and level 2
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USB
universal serial bus. can connect up to 127 additional devices together with a single connector
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USB-C
new standard that uses USB 3.1; reversible. Apple was forced by the EU to change to this standard
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USB 3.0 speed
5 gigabytes/second
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USB 3.1 speed
10 gigabytes/second
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CHIPS and Science Act of 2022
biden passed a law that will invest money into the domestic manufacturing of semiconductors in the US. presently, the largest manufacturer of semiconductors is Taiwan
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Micron
Micron will open a semiconductor factory in Syracuse, bringing in high paying jobs and more jobs overall in CNY
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CCPA
residents of CA have the right to see what info is collected on them and ask for it to be deleted. the right to not have your data shared. structured after the GDPR
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ADPPA
currently in Congress. covers all americans so that our data is protected and private
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GDPR
privacy law within the EU. the best privacy protection for consumers that exists globally
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div
a box element that changes the style of a set of character or region. controls the margin and padding. not good for changing the style of a set of characters because it is a block (not inline), so it offsets everything in the next line
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span
inline element that changes the style of a set of characters
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every packet contains
source IP address, destination IP address, acknowledgement (TCP), sequence number, data within the packet
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caesar shift
skip the key number of letters forward
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numbers as a key
numbers as a key
uses a complex number as the key. for each letter, skip the first number forward. then repeat for each number in the key per letter.
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words as a key
put the word at the beginning of the alphabet and eliminate the word's letters in the alphabet. don't repeat letters--should be 26 letters total
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converting to binary code
256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
ignore leading zeros
pay attention to capital letters vs lowercase letters
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app tracking transparency
apple's privacy update now requires apps to ask users if they can track you across apps and websites owned by other companies. 3rd party cookies track you and deliver targeted ads across multiple platforms
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facebook algorithm
a program/code that determines what shows up in our news feed
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facebook inventory
how much content: how many friends you have, how many times they've posted since you last logged in
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facebook signals
considerations of content: how many interactions there are within a post. shows what is more popular
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active signals
commenting, sharing, reacting
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passive signals
clicking, watching, viewing/hovering; aka usual content consumption
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demotion signals
false news (AI and 4rd party fact checkers), click gap (disproportionate amount of links from FB vs the organic web), clickbait, engagement bait, sensationalized health content
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facebook predictions
based on signals; how likely you are to interact with a certain post
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misinformation
happens accidentally
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disinformation
deliberate intention to deceive
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operator precedence
parentheses, negation, percent, exponents, multiply, divide, add, subtract, compare
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functions
built into excel: sum, count, average, if
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formula
evaluated by PEMDAS
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conditional formatting
sets rules for cell formatting
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Vlookup
vertical look up; retrieves info from an excel database based on a supplied instance of a unique identifier
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delimited files
separates values in each row with a specific character

ex: separate each student's grades with a comma
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pivot tables
enables someone to quickly, accurately, and easily summarize and analyze large amounts of data
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first party data
data directly collected from a consumer
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second party data
data exchanged between two companies
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third party data
data bought from third parties
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data brokers
enriches data from other companies
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3rd party cookies
track users from site to site and deliver targeted ads to these users
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structured data
highly organized and manageable
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unstructured data
structure that is not formally defined, like PDFs
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semi-structured data
hybrid of structured and unstructured, like emails
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geospatial data
includes information on positions
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Vs of big data
volume (scale), variety (diff. forms), velocity (analysis of streaming data), veracity (uncertainty)
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questions to ask about big data
what data do we have?
how can we use it?
what other data should we have?
how can we drive value from data?
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descriptive analytics
what happened and why
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predictive analytics
what is likely to happen and why
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discovery analytics
find something important without asking the question
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prescriptive analytics
culmination of all 3 that shows what the best solution is