Studied by 7 people
This one is suuuper memorisation heavy so this is everything EXCEPT the case studies
What is a landscape?
An area of land with a particular appearence
Relief
The way the landscape changes in height
Upland areas
Areas high above sea level. They are often mountainous
Lowland areas
Areas not very high above sea level. They are often flat
Characteristics of the Upper Course of a river
Steep valleys, narrow/shallow channel, high bedload
Characteristics of the Middle Course of a river
Gentle sloping valleys, floodplains, wider channel, more suspended sediment
Characteristics of the lower course of a river
Open valleys, floodplains, very wide & deep channels
Features of the upper course of a river
V shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, gorges
Features of the middle course of a river
Meanders, river cliffs, slip off slopes
Features of the lower course of a river
Ox-bow lakes, floodplains, levees
Traction
Rocks transported in a river via rolling
Saltation
Rocks transported in a river via bouncing
Suspension
Rocks transported in a river via carrying
Solution
Rocks dissolved in a river
Hydraulic action
Erosion from the force of water
Abrasion
Erosion from the river’s load
Attrition
Erosion of material in the river by other material in the river
Biological weathering
Weathering from mosses, animals, people, tree roots…
Chemical weathering
Weathering from the acid in rain, particularly affecting non-resistant rocks
Mechanical weathering
Freeze-thaw weathering
Sliding (mass movement)
Sudden movements of rock/soil along saturated soil
Slumping (mass movement)
Movement of saturated permeable rock along impermeable material
Rock falls (mass movement)
Free-fall movement of rocks from gravity, increased by mechanical weathering
Igneous rock examples
Granite, basalt
Sedimentary rock examples
Clay, sandstone, limestone
Metamorphic rock examples
Slate, schist, gneiss, marble
Igneous rock
Rock formed from magma (either at depth or on the surface)
Sedimentary rock
Rock formed from material carried by rivers to the sea and deposited in beds
Metamorphic rock
Formed by heat/pressure, when mountains are formed or tectonic plates collide
Glaciated upland areas
U-shaped valleys
Non-glaciated upland areas
V-shaped valleys
Glaciated lowland areas
Rolling, fertile plains
Non-glaciated lowland areas
Flat land, rivers
Drainage basin
An area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries
Source (river)
Where a river starts
Channel (river)
What a river flows in
Watershed (river)
The boundary between two drainage basins
Tributary (river)
A small stream or river which leads into a larger river
Confluence (river)
The point where two rivers join
Mouth (river)
The end of a river where it meets the sea
Discordant coastline
Where bands of different rock type are perpendicular to the coast
Backwash
When water runs back down the beach
Swash
When water is washed up the beach
Beach
An accumulation of eroded material transported and deposited by the sea
Sea wall
Giant concrete walls to prevent erosion of coasts
Groynes
Wood planks perpendicular to the coast preventing longshore drift
Breakwater
Offshore concrete walls to break incoming waves
Rock armour
Large boulders placed along a coastline
Beach nourishment
Sand and shingle added to beaches from elsewhere
Sand dunes
Large amounts of sand left on the coast to absorb the energy of waves
Managed retreat
Letting erosion do its thing
Note
Flashcard