\*\* biggest family!
**Structural Particles:** Atoms, nonpolar molecules, polar molecules, or molecules H-bonded to F, O, N
**Intramolecular Force:** Polar or nonpolar covalent bonds (strong, __directional__ force within molecules)
**Intermolecular Force:** London Dispersion < Dipole-Dipole < Hydrogen bonding (weak, __somewhat directional__)
* __Hardness:__ Soft (weak intermolecular forces + loose messy lattice mean they are “manipulative” and “squishy”)
* __Melting Point:__ Low to moderate, can evaporate directly, most melt below 300°C (weak intermolecular forces → more easily separated; MP of nonpolar solids increases with molar mass, MP of polar molecular solids increases with strength of IMF)
* __Electrical Conductivity:__ POOR, they are __**insulators**__ (electrons are shared and thus locked in covalent bonds so no ions or electrons can flow → no mobile electrons)
* __Solubility:__ “**Like dissolves Like”**; in oil YES if NP; in water YES if P
* __Brittleness:__ Low flexibility (weak, loose, messy lattice crumbles under pressure)