Human Bio Quiz: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, & Muskoseletal System

3 Components of Blood Pressure

• Blood volume

• Cardiac output

• Peripheral resistance

Systolic

Pressure in arteries/veins when blood is pumping through

Diastolic

Pressure in arteries/veins when at rest

Orthostatic hypotension

Standing up too fast and feeling like you’re going to pass out

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate

• Heart rate over 100 bpm

Bradycardia

Heart rate below 60 bpm

A-fib

• inconsistent

• high risk of stroke s

• blood thinners

• can live with

Ventricular Fibrillation

• Start CPR

• Ventricles are not constricting as a unit. They are quivering.

Structures of the heart

1. Superior/inferior vena cava

2. Right atrium 

3. Right ventricle 

4. Pulmonary trunk 

5. Left atrium 

6. Left ventricle 

7. Aorta

P - T

Heartbeat

QRS

Ventricular depolarization (making artial depolarization)

Female Musculoskeletal System

• Shorter stature

• Contoured Mandible

• Thinner Skull

• Slender long bones

• Wide pelvis

Male Musculoskeletal System

• Higher Density

• Rigid Skull Features

• Thicker Long Bones

• Narrow Pelvis

• Higher calcium deposits at muscle insertions

Joints (Articulations)

• Fibrous — Skull

• Cartilaginous — Intervertebral Disc

• Synovial — Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

Bones of the Lower Limb

• Sacrum

• Pelvic bone

• Pelvic gridle

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Tarsal bones

• Metatarsal bones

• Phalanges

Bones of the Upper Limb

• Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle, Scapula

• Humerus 

• Ulna 

• Radius 

• Carpal bones

• Metacarpal bones

• Phanlanges 

Sutures

• Anterior Fontanel

• Coronal suture

• Frontal suture

Cranial Bones (8)

1. Frontal bone

2. Parietal bone

3. Sphenoid bone

4. Ethmoid bone

5. Temporal bone

6. Occipital bone

Facial Bones (14)

• Nasal bones

• Lacrimal bones

• Palatine bone

• Zygomatic bone

• Inferior nasal concha

• Vomer

• Maxilla 

• Mandible

Innate Immune System

• Non-specific

• Responds to everything the same way

• Fast-acting

Examples:

• Barriers: Skin/membrane

• Cellular: phagocytes, NK cells, inflammatory response

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

• Redness (Rubor): Due to increased blood flow

• Heat (Calor): Also due to increased blood flow

• Swelling (Tumor): Caused by fluid accumulation in tissues

• Pain (Dolor): resulting from the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings

• Loss of function: Can occur due to pain and swelling, affecting mobility or function in the affected area

Adaptive Immune System

• Respond to antigens

• Cell mediated

• Antibody mediated

• Has “memory”

• Must be exposed to specific antigen to develop this immunity

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchiole

• Alveoli

Larynx 

• Vestibular folds — False vocal cords

• Vocal Folds — True vocal cords → airflow and ligaments

P- Wave

Atrial depolariation

QRS Complex

Ventricular Depolarization (masking atrial repolarization)

T-wave

Ventricular Repolarization 

R-R Interval

Entire duration of a cardiac action potential

P-R Interval

Duration of atrial depolarization and AV node delay

Q-T Interval

Entire Duration of a ventricular action potential

S-T Segment

Ventricular plateau phase

Atrial Fibrillation

• Irregular, rapid heartbeat

• The upper right chamber of the heart quivers instead of beating normal

• Blood is still pumping through the body

• Can live with

SA Node (Sinoatrial node)

• Where normal electrical activity 

• Atrial contraction

Ventricular Fibrillation

• The lower chambers of the heart quiver, preventing blood from being pumped through the body.

• START CPR

Muscle Shapes

1. Parallel

2. Circular

3. Pennate

4. Convergent

5. Fusiform

Example of Parallel Muscle Shape

Sartorius

Example of Convergent Muscle

Pectoralis

Example of Pennate Muscle Shape

• Uni, bi, multi

• Flexor pollicis longus

• Rectus femoris

• Deltoid

Example of Circular Muscle Shapes

Sphincters

Example of Fusiform Muscle Shape

Biceps

Scoliosis

Sideways curvature of the spine

Lordosis

Exaggerated inward curvature of the spine

• Think Trump

Kyphosis

Excessive outward curvature of the upper spine