Inheritance and Waves Review Flashcards

Vocabulary based practice cards focusing on genetic inheritance (Mendelian and pedigree), cell biology structures and division (mitosis/meiosis), and fundamental wave properties (electromagnetic spectrum and sound).

White eye allele ($W$)

The dominant allele for eye colour in fruit flies according to the provided genetic diagram exercises.

Red eye allele ($w$)

The recessive allele for eye colour in fruit flies, resulting in a red eye phenotype only if homozygous ($ww$).

Cystic fibrosis

A genetic disease caused by a recessive allele of a gene where two normal (heterozygous) parents have a $25\%$ chance of having an affected child.

Fertilization

A random event that explains why actual offspring counts may not follow expected genetic ratios in small sample sizes.

Sickle cell anaemia

A condition caused by a recessive mutant allele for the haemoglobin gene.

Allele $I^S$

The specific notation used in the pedigree analysis to represent the allele for sickle cell anaemia.

Allele $I^O$

The specific notation used in the pedigree analysis to represent the allele for normal haemoglobin.

DNA

A biological molecule consisting of the bases $A$, $C$, $G$, and $T$.

Gene

A section of DNA that codes for a protein and controls heredity.

Centromere

The piece that attaches two chromatids to each other in a chromosome.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance resulting from the interaction of its genotype and environment.

Sex chromosomes

The $23^{rd}$ pair of chromosomes which differ in males and females.

Allele

An alternative form of a single gene.

Karyotype

A visual tool used to determine abnormalities in chromosome numbers.

Trisomy-21

A chromosomal abnormality referred to as Down syndrome.

Diploid

A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, such as the $46$ chromosomes found in a human skin cell.

Haploid

A nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes, such as the $23$ chromosomes found in a human egg.

Zygote

A diploid cell in humans whose nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in genetically identical cells and is responsible for tissue repair.

Meiosis

A process of cell division that produces haploid cells or gametes where the chromosome number is halved.

Frequency

The number of times a wave passes a point or air pressure changes per second, measured in Hertz ($Hz$).

Amplitude

The maximum displacement of a wave from its resting position as shown on a displacement-distance graph.

Longitudinal waves

A type of wave motion, such as sound waves, where particles move parallel to the direction of wave travel.

Transverse waves

A type of wave motion, such as light waves and $X$-rays, where particles move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.

Wavelength

The distance between consecutive identical parts of a wave; for a $2.0\,kHz$ sound wave at $800\,m/s$, this is $0.40\,m$.

Radio waves

The type of electromagnetic radiation that has the longest wavelength in the spectrum.