PRAXIS READING/LANG ARTS

Phonological awareness

The ability to identify individual units of oral language and manipulate them. Parts of words, syllables, onsets, and rimes.

Children who have phonological awareness can:

Identify/make oral rhymes

Clap number of syllables

Recognize words with same begging sounds (mother & monkey)

Blend sounds (bl, tr)

Divide and manipulate words

Phonics

Skill to understand relationship between sounds and spelling patterns.

Phonological awareness:

Focus on sounds/phenomes

Phonics:

Focus on letters and corresponding sounds

Phonological awareness:

Spoken language

Phonics:

Written language

Phonological awareness:

Mostly auditory

Phonics:

Visual and auditory

Phonological awareness:

Manipulating sounds into words

Phonics:

Reading and writing according to sounds, spelling, patterns, and phonological structure

Phonemes

Individual sounds in words- usually expressed without a written letter because letters can have different phonemes/sounds. (G in game is not same sound as g in gym)

Syllables

Units of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants

Ex. 2 syllables in wa-ter, 3 in el-e-phant

Onsets

Beggining consonant and consonant cluster

Ex. Onset for tack is T, onset for track is TR

Rimes

Vowel and constant sounds that follow onset

Ex. The rime in tack is ack

Common rimes

Ing, ack, an, aw, ight

Blending

Ability to string together sounds that each letter stands for in a word

Ex. Student sees word black they blend /bl/ and /a/ to the ending /k/ sound. Sometimes can be focused on only consonant blends like /br/

Segmenting

Breaking a word apart.

Ex. Compound words: baseball= base ball

Onset and rime: dad = /d/ /ad/

Syllables: behind = be hind

Individual phonemes: cat = /c/ /a/ /t/

Substituting

Replacing one phoneme with another

Ex. Change first sound of play with st

Deleting

Taking words apart. Removing sounds and pronouncing new word

Ex. Delete m sound in mice= ice!

Phonics

Ability to understand how letters represent different sounds in words. Know certain sounds in words based on written letters. Ex. C + H makes /ch/ sound.

Morphology

Study of words and their forms

Morphemes

Smallest unit of meaning. Ex. Dogs = dog and s

Words can be broken down into morphemes by:

Prefixes, suffixes, syllables, possessives, consonant blends, consonant digraphs, etc

Letter sound correspondence

Certain letters and combination of letters make specific sounds. Learner must be able to recognize letters and their corresponding sounds.

Spelling conventions

Rules that English words follow

Single letters (consonant)

A single consonant letter can be represented by a phoneme. Ex. B, d, f, g, h.

Doublets

Uses 2 of the same letter to spell a consonant phoneme: ex. ff, ll, zz, ss

Digraphs

2 letter combinations that create one phoneme. Ex. th, ch, sh, ng, gh, ck

Trigraphs

3 letter combinations that create one phoneme: tch, dge

Diphthong

Sounds formed by the combination of 2 vowels in a single syllable - where the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another. Initial, middle, or end.

Ex. Coin, aisle, loud

Consonant blends

Consonant blends include two or three graphemes and the consonant sounds are separate and identifiable.

Ex. Cl (clean) scr (scrape) lk (milk)

Silent letter combinations

Use 2 letters. One represents the phoneme and the other is silent.

Ex. Kn (knock) Wr (wrestle) Gn (gnat)

Combination qu

These 2 letters always go together to make the /kw/ sound

Ex. Quickly

Single letters (vowel)

A single vowel letter that stands for a vowel sound.

Ex. Short vowels - cat hit gem pot sub

Long vowels - me no mute

Vowel teams

Combinations of two, three, four letters that stand for a vowel sound.

Ex. Head, hook, boat, sigh.