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What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?

A) establishment of a proton gradient

In glycolysis

for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation

what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?

Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?

D) The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen

During aerobic respiration

which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

Which of the following is likely to lead to an increase in the concentration of ATP in a cell?

B) an increase in a cell's catabolic activity

What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis?

A) 420 mm

Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?

D) Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

In a plant cell

where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A) stroma of the chloroplast

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of

B) 3-phosphoglycerate molecules

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

D) glycolysis

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

B) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2 .

What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?

C) ATP and NADPH

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

A) substrate-level phosphorylation.

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

B) loses electrons and loses energy.

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

D) a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes

C) reduced.

What is proton-motive force?

B) the transmembrane proton concentration gradient

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime

thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

A molecule that is phosphorylated

has an increased chemical reactivity

it is primed to do cellular work

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen

yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

substrate-level phosphorylation

As a research scientist

you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30

Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?

thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during

both photosynthesis and respiration.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

2

. Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during

both photosynthesis and respiration.

Inside an active mitochondrion

most electrons follow which pathway?

Reduction of NADP+ occurs during

photosynthesis.

Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2 ) is present?

glycolysis

Which of the following statements describes NAD+

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space

the result is the

Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?

chemiosmotic phosphorylation

In the process of carbon fixation

RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a 6 carbon molecule

In the thylakoid membranes

what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

During cellular respiration

acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6 ) in cellular respiration?

76

P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why?

This molecule results from the transfer of an electron to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II and strongly attracts another electron

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis

it is a by-product of which of the following?

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?

the synthesis of ATP

How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle?

4 FADH2 and 12 NADH

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed

in part

In mitochondria

chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space

Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

Where does glycolysis takes place?

cytosol

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

catabolism

The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during

neither photosynthesis nor respiration

In addition to ATP

what are the end products of glycolysis?

The sugar that results from three "turns" of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this?

The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

mitochondrial inner membrane

Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?

receiving electrons from plastocyanin

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle

During aerobic respiration

electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6 ) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration

how many oxygen molecules (O2 ) are required?

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?

Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.

Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

Light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Process found in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

chemiosmosis

Process in which CO2

is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules

Calvin Cycle

Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid

glycolysis

Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH

the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen

18O

If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen

18O

During respiration

most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants.

Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis

What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above? (Oxygen concentration in the water of the lake graph)

Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day

To test the hypothesis that a particular plant synthesizes storage lipids by using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) from photosynthesis

a researcher plans to use radiolabeled precursors to track the molecules through the biosynthetic pathway. Which of the following radiolabeled precursors is most appropriate for the researcher to use?

In an experiment

a scientist isolates mitochondria from living cells and suspends them in two different buffered solutions. One solution is maintained at pH 4

Additional observations were made on day 21

and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because

According to the results of this experiment

germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is

According to the data

the mice at 10oC demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25oC. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?

During aerobic cellular respiration

oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption

Coenzyme that transfers electrons from the Krebs cycle to the mitochondrial electron-transport chain at a lower energy level than that of electrons entering at the beginning of the chain

FADH2

An intermediate electron acceptor for oxidations that occur in both glycolysis and in Krebs cycle reactions

NAD+

The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from

H2O

The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions?

Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?

A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica

a species of sea slug

In chloroplasts

ATP is synthesized from ADP plus inorganic phosphate (Pi) in a reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase molecules that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane.

Which of the following statements provides evidence to support the claim that no ATP will be synthesized in the absence of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

Which of the following is most likely to result if oxygen is added to the tissue culture?

For each glucose molecule consumed

Which of the following would most adversely affect the validity of this experiment?

Large variation in metabolic rates between individuals of a species

Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the results of this experiment?

metabolic rate per gram of tissue is higher in smaller mammals.

Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

glycolysis

Within the cell

many chemical reactions that

Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?

They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions.

The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the

cytosol

The figure above shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle?

The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix

Carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of photosynthesis directly require

products of light reactions

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?