Chapter 6 - bones and skeletal tissues

Movement, support, protection, blood production, mineral regulation

Functions of skeletal system include?

movement

working with the muscular system

support

makes up framework of body

protection

vital organs such as brain and heart

calcium

mineral regulation

206

skeletal system has how many bones?

ligaments, cartilages, bursae and tendon sheaths

joints/articulation of skeletal system include?

ligaments

hold bones together

cartilages

hold bones together; reduce friction between bones

bursae and tendon sheaths

structures found in areas around joints to help reduce friction

4

classification of bones by shape/structure has how many groups?

long, short, irregular, and flat

what are the classifications of bones by shape/structure?

long

shape/structure only in limbs

humerus, radias, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

examples of long shape/structure

1 diaphysis, 2 epiphyses (1 proximal and 1 distal)

what are the main parts of long bone?

diaphysis

relatively thick compact bone tissue superficially and spongy bone tissue deep

periosteum

fibrous connective tissue membrane on surface

medullary/marrow cavity

contains yellow bone marrow; endosteum lines

epiphyses

spongy and compact bone; articular/hyaline cartilage at joints

tarsals, carpals

examples of short bone include?

similar to epiphysis long bone

(spongy and compact bone; articular/hyaline cartilage at joints)

structure of short bone is similar to?

vertebrae

examples of irregular bone?

similar to short bones

structure of irregular bone

sternum, some skull bones

flat bone example

dipole between inner and outer plates

structure of flat bone

3 groups

bone markings are organized into how many groups?

projections

provides sites where muscles and ligaments attach

tuberosity

large, rounded projection coming from main part of the bone; often has rough texture

Ischial tuberosity that is part of/on coxal/bone

example of tuberosity projection

iliac crest on coxal bone

example of crest projection

crest

large ridge on bone

trochanter

large, irregular shaped projection from main part of the bone

femur bone

trochanter are only found on which bone

2 trochanters; greater and lesser trochanter

femur bone has how many trochanters? what are they?

line

small ridge on a bone

intertrochanteric line

example of line projection

in between 2 trochanters on a femur

intertrochanteric line is located where?

tubercle

small rounded projection

adductor tubercle on femur

example of tubercle projection

epicondyle

raised area on or above condyle

condyle

rounded surface at a joint

medial epicondyle on femur

example of epicondyle projection

spine projection

sharp or pointed projection

ischial spine on coxal/hip bone

example of spine projection

process

general term for projection; most common marking in this group

spinous process on vertebra

example of a process?

head

expanded end of bone with narrow neck

on rib, on femur

example of head

Facet

smooth, flat surface at joint

on head of rib

example of Facet

condyle

rounded articular projection at joint

on mandible, on femur

example of condyle surface?

Depressions and openings

usually for blood vessels and nerves to go through

1. Projections

2. surfaces that form joints

3. Depressions and openings

what are the groups of bone markings/bone parts?

Foramen

most common marking in depressions and openings group?

Foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

infraorbital foramen, mental foramen of skull

example of foramen?

Groove/sulcus

elongated depression (where blood vessels or nerves might lie)

on inner surface of mandible

example of Groove/sulcus

Fissure

slitlike/narrow opening; irregular shaped opening in a bone

inferior and superior orbital fissures of skull

example of a fissure

Notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

mandibular notch

example of a notch

Fossa

basin or sinklike depression in a bone

inner base of skull

example of Fossa?

meatus/canal

similar to foramen; round oval in shape; longer passageway through bone

internal acoustic meatus of skull

example of meatus/canal

sinus

cavity/space within a bone

paranasal sinus of frontal bone

example of sinus

2; Compact Bone and Spongy Bone

how many types of bone tissue? what are they?

osteons

long, straight cylinders in compact bone

compact bone

which bone is mainly made up of long, straight cylinders called osteons?

include central canal with blood vessels and nerves

what do osteons include?

central canal

going down through middle of osteon is?

osteons, concentric lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and osteocytes

compact bone is made up of?

concentric lamellae

bony matrix layers around central canal

lacunae

spaces at lamellae borders

canaliculi

small canals

circumferential and interstitial lamellae

what are outside the osteons?

circumferential lamellae

lamellae that is around bone circumference?

interstitial lamellae

lamellae that is between osteons

2 main parts; trabeculae and marrow space

spongy bone has how many parts? what are they?

trabeculae

bony fiber network with interstitial lamellae

osteoblasts

bone building cells

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

marrow space

red bone marrow filled with bone building cells (osteoblasts) and bone destroying cells (osteoclasts) at edge of trabeculae and marrow space

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

what are the two types of Bone Formation/Ossifiaction?

Intramembranous ossification

bones formed from fibrous connective tissue membrane?

mainly forms flat bones of skull

Intramembranous ossification mainly forms what bones?

mesenchymal cells

main cells of fibrous connective tissue membrane are

collagen fibers in matrix

which fibers can you find in mesenchymal cells ?

they develop where blood vessels grow into membrane

where do ossification centers develop?

osteoblasts

when new bone is formed what develops?

osteocytes develop from osteoblasts

osteocytes develop from?

spongy bone is formed first, compact bone formed later

which bone is formed first?

red bone marrow is going to form

what forms within spongy bone?

woven spongy bone with osteocytes

when does periosteum form?

forms plates

compact bone forms?

in dipole

red bone marrow forms where ?

Endochondral ossification

bones formed from hyaline cartilage; most bones formed from this ossification