Cytogenetics

Hypotonic Revolution 1st event

TC Hsu discovered the utility of the hypotonic solution in 1952

Hypotonic Revolution 2nd event

Joe-Hin Tjio and Albert Levan reported corrected chromosomes number as as 46 in human invintro

When does Hypotonic Revolution take place?

1950

Phenotypes

Physical Traits

Genotypes

Genes/Inherent traits

When was Q-Banding and G-Banding discovered?

1970

What takes place during Q-Banding?

It involves staining chromosomes with the fluorescent dye quinacrine to produce a unique banding pattern, allowing for the identification of individual chromosomes.

What is Q-Banding?

a cytogenetic technique, was pioneered by Caspersson and colleagues

G-Banding

Giemsa banding

What takes place during G-Banding?

is a cytogenetic technique used to identify chromosomes. It involves treating metaphase chromosomes with trypsin, an enzyme that partially digests the chromosomes, followed by staining with Giemsa stain

Trypsin

a digestive enzyme, specifically a serine protease, that plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins in the small intestine

What is Chromosomal syndromes?

genetic conditions caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

When was Chromosomal syndromes discovered?

1960

When does Chromosomal syndromes take place?

Chromosomal abnormalities can arise during the formation of eggs or sperm or during early fetal development.

Who discovered Chromosomal syndromes?

John Hilton Edwards and Dr. Klaus Patau

Who discovered Q-Banding

Torbjörn Caspersson

The Color Revolution

It refers to the advancements in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, particularly Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) and Multiplex-FISH (M-FISH), which allow for the simultaneous visualization of all human chromosomes in different colors.

When does The color revolution take place?

1990

Development of imaging revolution

Several companies sprouted at this time, offering semi-automated karyotyping and high quality digital imaging

When does the Development of imaging revolution take place?

1980

Transmission Genetics

The study of passing traits from one generation to the next?

Molecular Genetics

The study of chemical structures of genes and how they operate at the molecular level

Population Genetics

The study of the frequency of Chromosomes in a population

Classical Genetics

The basic Theory of genetics,

the branch of genetics that focuses on observable traits (phenotypes) and how they are inherited through generations

What plant did Gregor Mendel use to develop The Principles of Heredity?

Pea plants

Why did Gregor Mendel use Pea plants?

they possessed several advantageous characteristics that made them ideal for studying heredity. These included easily observable traits with distinct variations, the ability to control pollination, and a relatively short life cycle allowing for multiple generations to be studied within a reasonable timeframe. 

William Bateson

He coined the word genetics for the first time, and made it into a formal branch of biology

The year William Bateson and Reginald Crundall Punnett made significant discoveries.

1905

Reginald Crundall Punnett

Best known for this diagram, which is a tool used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits. 

The year that the basic principles of Mandellian genetics have been applied to a wide variety of organisms.

1915

Fruit Fly

They have a short life cycle, ease of breeding, and a small number of easily distinguishable chromosomes.

The year when Thomas Hunt Morgan and his fellow researchers developed the Mandellian chromosome theory of heredity

1925

Thomas Hunt Morgan

He is renowned for his groundbreaking work in genetics, particularly his experimental analysis of fruit flies (Drosophila)

Population Genetics 2nd meaning

A field of biology that studies the genetic makeup of populations and how that makeup changes over time.

Cytogenetics

A branch of genetics focused on studying chromosomes.

Behavioral Genetics

Diagnosis medical treatment and manages individuals with inherent metabolic conditions

Epigenetics

A study of heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without altering the DNA

FISH

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

SKY

Spectral Karyotyping

M-FISH

Multiplex FISH

The year that Dolly the first sheep that was cloned was born?

1996

Kary Mullis

Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction

The year Kary Mullis developed the PCR

1986

Population

A group of organisms in an area that can reproduce.

Natural Selection

Process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.

Mutation

Changes in the DNA sequence of a cells genome (maybe caused by radiation, viruses, transposons, and mutagenic chemicals), as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA Replication

Gene flow (1st meaning)

Exchange of genes between populations which are usually of the same species

Gene flow (2nd meaning)

Migration and then breeding of organisms or the exchange of pollen

Gene flow (3rd meaning)

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organism and horizontal gene transfer.

Genetic Mapping (1st Meaning)

Arranges chromosomes from tallest to smallest

Genetic Mapping (2nd Meaning)

Can offer form evidence that a disease transmitted from a parent to child is linked to one or more genes

Genetic Mapping (3rd Meaning)

Provides clues about the chromosomes contains the gene and precisely where it lies on the chromosomes

Genetic Mapping (4th Meaning)

Have been used successfully to find the single gene responsible for rare inherited disorders

Frederick Sanger

Known for pioneering work in protein and DNA sequencing

When did Frederick Sanger discover DNA and Protein Sequencing

1977

When did Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan make their discovery

1956

James D. Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalin Franklin

Determined the structure of DNA, using the Xray crystallography

When was DNA stucture discovered?

1953