Topic 3 : Physical changes

why our skin wrinkle

biological factor

• outer layer skin become thin bcz of cell loss

• collagen fibers that is the connective tissue lose their flexibility

• elastin fibers in mid layer of skin lose the ability to keep skin stretched out

• underlying fat diminish

environmental factor

• exposure to ultraviolet rays from suns ( break down skin connective tissue )

• smoking ( restrict blood flows to skin around lips )

• poor diets, excessive alcohols, sweats and repetitive facial expression

how to fight effects of sun exposure on skin

• wear shirt

• slop on sunscreen

• wear hat

• use sunglasses to protect eyes and the sensitive skin around em

other skin changes

• pigment containing cell decrease = skin got lighter

• age spots, moles

• varicose veins appear knotty and bluish, esp on legs

changes in hair

• men do not lose facial hair as they age

• men develop bushy eyebrows and ear hair

• women develop patches of hair on the face, esp chin

• hair growth related to hormonal changes

• hair loss ( bcz of destruction of germ centers around produce hair follicles )

• graying ( pigment production in hair follicle stopped )

changes in voice

• tend to be thinner or weaker

• more low in pitch

• become more breathless and trembling

• slower

• less pronounced pronounciation

• lower volume

• changes due to larynx ( voice box ), respiratory system and muscle that control speech

• changes may occur from poor health and not normal aging

changes in body build

• height decrease between 50’s and 70’s

• men lose 1 inch and women 2 inch ( bcz spine compression and posture change )

• middle adult weight gain

• late adult weight lose

• men gain weightin the abdomen, creating belly bulge

• women gain weight around the hips, creating pear shaped figure

changes in mobility

• strength loss ( 70yo up to 20% and 80 yo up to 40%)

• no differnece in muscle change between men and women

• lower body muscle loss help increased loss of balance

• lose in bone strength begins in late 30s, accelerates in 50s and slow down in 70s

• women lose bone mass twice as fact as men bcz women have less bone mass than men and depletion of estrogen after menopause speed up bone loss

bones and joints illness

bones : osteoPOROSIS ( severe bone mass loss that create laced honeycomb shape and is the leading cause of broken bones in old women )

joints :

osteoRTHRITIS ( gradual onset and progression of pain and disability with minor in inflammation )

rheumatoid ARTHRITIS ( destrcutive joint disease that develop slowly and affects different joints and causes other pain and more inflammation than osetoarthrithis )

psychological implications of physical changes

• the changes in appearance have major effect on self concept and ageism in society

social stereotyping

• women regarded as inferior on number of dimensions including intellectual ability

• old men with some gray hair regarded as distinguised, experiences and knowledgeable

thus ppl use any means to compensate for the changes like cosmetics, plastic surgeries.

losses in strength and endurance also affect as much bcz the changes tell ppl that they’re not capable of adapting effectively to the environment

changes in vision, two categories

changes in structure of the age begin in 40s

• amount of light passes through the eyes decrease, result difficulties in reading, hard time to see in the dark

• presbyopia ( rabun dekat )

• cataract ( opaques spots develop on the eye lense, limiting amount of light entering the eye )

• glaucoma ( eye fluid not drain properly, causing high pressure that can cause internal damage and progressive loss of vision)

changes in retina begin at 50s

• macular degeneration ( loss ability to see in details, read is hard )

• diabetic retinopathy ( common cause of blindness and more common to those who developed diabetes early )

psycholgical impilcation bcz of visual changes

• loss ofactivities ( hard to read, watch tv )

• changes in personality ( become more extraversion, easily falls bcz kenot see )

• need to do corrective actions ( use glasses if presbyopia, surgery if cataracts )

hearing

• damage can happen because of loud environment and result in presbycusis ( reduce sensitivity to high pitched tones )

• social adjustment to hearing loss ( loss of independence, paranoia, depression, social isolation )

hearing devices

• analog hearing aid ( mold on outer ear pick up sound → send to mic → send to amplifier → enhance sound to receiver → send amplified sound to ear )

• digital hearing aid ( same as analog but use directional mc to control sound flow. compression tech help the sound to follow room sound naturally and microchip have diff programming ) to diff hearing situations

• cochlear implant ( do not amplify the sound, the mic behind the ear → pic sound up → sound digitized → become coded signal → broadcasted to FM radio signal to receiver that was inserted in ear during surgery )

somatosensory system and balance

• somato control temperature regulations and pain sensitivity

• 1/3 adults over 65 fall

• verstibular system, dizziness and vertigo

• can be improved with tai chi, wii fit virtual sim

changes in taste

• ability to detech diff taste decline ( vary from flavor and to person )

• food preference changes

• greater loss in sour and bitter

• risk of malnutrition

changes in smell

• intact until 60s and begin to decline

psychological impacts

• reduced pleasure in eating

• personal hygiene

• safety factors

changes in cardiovascular system

cardio ( heart ), vascular ( blood vessels )

underlying causes that diminish the cardiovascular capacity

• accumulation of fat

• stiffening of heart muscle

• by 65, average adult loss 60-70% of their aerobic capacity

• stay in good shape during young adult lead to less decline in it

• this decline is why elderly not in good physical shapes

decline in cardiocascular system by ethnich and gender

• middle adult ( more men )

• later adult ( same frequency )

• higher rate in africans and natives

cardiovascular diseases

• congestive hearts ( most common )

• angina pectoris ( when oxygen supply not enough to heart, causing chest pain )

• atherosclerosis ( fat buillduips on and the calcification of the arterial walls )

changes in female reproductive system

climacteric ( from reproductive to nonreproductive years )

menopause ( points where menstruation stops )

perimenopause ( transition from normal period to menopause )

symptoms for perimenopause ( hot flashes, headaches, sleep problems, pain during sex, vaginal dryness etc. )

• ethnic differ in symptoms severity

• loss of estrogen related to health condition

• treatments, diets, yoga and menopausal hormone therapy

changes in men repproductive system

• gradual decline in testosterone levels

• decrease in sperm production ( 30% between 30 and 60 )

• prostate cance become high risk for over 50 yo men

• ED treatable ( viagra, cialis and other meds to help possibiility of active sex life )