S&SPU II- Exam 1 Review

The testes are classified as:

 

a. endocrine and seminal glands.

 

b. exocrine and endocrine glands.

 

c. exocrine and seminal glands.

 

d. None of these

b

The epididymal head is connected to which portion of the testis?

 

a. Superior

 

b. Lateral

 

c. Inferior

 

d. Medial

a

Spermatozoa exit the testis through the:

 

a. efferent ducts.

 

b. tail of the epididymis.

 

c. body of the epididymis.

 

d. head of the epididymis.

a

The penis is composed of:

 

a. two corpora cavernosa midventrally and one corpus spongiosum dorsolaterally.

 

b. two corpora spongiosa midventrally and one corpus cavernosum dorsolaterally.

 

c. two corpora cavernosa dorsolaterally and one corpus spongiosum midventrally.

 

d. two corpora spongiosa dorsolaterally and one corpus cavernosum midventrally.

c

The main arterial blood supply of the penis includes the:

 

a. deep artery of the penis, bulbourethral artery, and dorsal artery

 

b. superficial dorsal artery, deep dorsal artery, and deep artery of the penis.

 

c. deep artery of the penis, bulbourethral artery, dorsal artery, and pampiniform plexus arteries.

 

d. deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery, and deep dorsal artery.

a

Testicular parenchyma on ultrasound is:

 

a. anechoic.

 

b. mixed solid appearance.

 

c. heterogeneous.

 

d. homogeneous.

d

What is the echogenicity of the corpora cavernosa?

 

a. They cannot be identified on ultrasound.

 

b. Medium-level echoes

 

c. High echogenicity

 

d. Low-level echoes

b

What is the echogenicity of the corpus spongiosum?

 

a. High echogenicity

 

b. Low-level echoes

 

c. It cannot be identified on ultrasound.

 

d. Medium-level echoes

d

What is the echogenicity of the septum penis?

 

a. Low-level echoes

 

b. High echogenicity

 

c. It cannot be identified on ultrasound.

 

d. Medium-level echoes

b

What is the echogenicity of the epididymis?

 

a. Low-level echoes

 

b. Medium-level echoes

 

c. It cannot be identified on ultrasound.

 

d. High echogenicity

b

Which statement is incorrect about the seminal vesicles?

 

a. They are posterior to the urinary bladder and inferior to the prostate.

 

b. They help form the ejaculatory duct.

 

c. They are paired glands.

 

d. Each gland empties into the distal ductus (vas) deferens.

a

The largest portion of the glandular prostate is the:

 

a. peripheral zone.

 

b. periurethral zone.

 

c. transition zone.

 

d. central zone.

a

Semen is composed of:

 

a. 70% alkaline fructose, 13% to 33% sperm, and acidic fluids.

 

b. 60% alkaline fructose, 13% to 33% alkaline fluid, and sperm.

 

c. 13% to 33% alkaline fructose, 70% alkaline fluid, and sperm.

 

d. 60% sperm, 13% to 33% alkaline fluid, and fructose.

b

On a sonogram of the prostate and seminal vesicles, the prostate normally appears:

 

a. hyperechoic to the seminal vesicles

 

b. hypoechoic to the seminal vesicles.

 

c. isoechoic to the seminal vesicles.

 

d. anechoic to the seminal vesicles.

a

The seminal vesicles join with the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts.

 

a. true

 

b. false

a

Normal serum prostatic specific antigen is less than 4.

 

 

a. false

 

b. true

b

The testes are classified as:

 

a. endocrine and seminal glands.

 

b. exocrine and endocrine glands.

 

c. exocrine and seminal glands.

 

d. None of these

b

The epididymal head is connected to which portion of the testis?

 

a. Superior

 

b. Medial

 

c. Lateral

 

d. Inferior

a

The penis is composed of:

 

a. two corpora cavernosa dorsolaterally and one corpus spongiosum midventrally.

 

b. two corpora spongiosa dorsolaterally and one corpus cavernosum midventrally.

 

c. two corpora cavernosa midventrally and one corpus spongiosum dorsolaterally.

 

d. two corpora spongiosa midventrally and one corpus cavernosum dorsolaterally.

a

The main arterial blood supply of the penis includes the:

 

a. deep artery of the penis, bulbourethral artery, and dorsal artery

 

b. deep artery of the penis, bulbourethral artery, dorsal artery, and pampiniform plexus arteries.

 

c. superficial dorsal artery, deep dorsal artery, and deep artery of the penis.

 

d. deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery, and deep dorsal artery.

a

Is this a normal or abnormal prostate exam?

a. normal

b. abnormal

b

What is labeled CC in the image?

a. corpus spongiosum

b. deep dorsal vein

 

c. cavernosal arteries

 

d. corpus cavernosum

d

What is labeled CS in the image?

 

a. dorsal vein

 

b. corpus cavernosum

 

c. urethra

 

d. corpus spongiosum

d

What is being scanned in this image?

 

a. prostate

 

b. testicles

 

c. pelvis

 

d. penile

d

Is this a normal or abnormal prostate image?

 

a. normal

 

b. abnormal

a

Pediatric patient comes in ER with abrupt left sided testicular pain. No blood flow is seen in left testicle. What is the probable diagnosis?

 

a. enlarged lymph nodes

 

b. epididymo-orchitis.

 

c. cyst

 

d. testicular torsion

d

What is the anechoic area seen superior to testicle in the epididymis?

 

a. solid mass

 

b. testicular cyst

 

c. testicular torsion

 

d. epididymal cyst

d

Is this a normal or abnormal testicular image?

 

a. normal

 

b. abnormal

b

What is labeled A?

 

a. testicular torsion

 

b. testicle

 

c. epididymis

 

d. efferent ducts.

c

What is labeled B?

  

mediastinum testis.

 

epididymal cyst

 

epididymis

 

testicular torsion

a

What transducer do you use for scrotal and penile imaging?

high frequency 7.5-15 MHz

What transducer do you use for prostate exams?

curvilinear or transrectal (5-9 MHz)

Ovid, homogeneous echotexture

testes

isoechoic or slightly hypoechoic echotexture

epididymis

surround the testicle; potential space for fluid

tunica vaginalis

visualized superiorly in sagittal plane

spermatic cord

anechoic fluid around testicle

hydrocele

dilated veins >2 mm with Valsalva reflux

varicocele

absent or reduced blood flow: enlarged, hypoechoic testicle

torsion

increased flow, enlarged, heterogeneous

epididymitis/orchitis

hypoechoic intratesticular mass

tumors

patient posittioning for transrectal prostate ultrasound

LLD with knees flexed toward chest

Most prostate cancers occur in which zone?

peripheral

posterior to bladder, superior to prostate

seminal vesicles

seen centrally within prostate

urethra

enlargement of transitional zone

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

heterogeneous, hypervascular gland

prostatitis

hypoechoic lesion in peripheral zone, often asymetric

prostate cancer

common with aging, appear hyperechoic

calcifications

ventral, surround urethra

corpus spongiosum

surrounds corpora

tunica albuginea

within spongiosum, seen as anechoic tubular structure

urethra

fibrous plaque in tunica; hyperechoic with shadowing

Peyronie’s Disease

Low-flow (ischemic): no arterial flow; High-flow: persistent arterial flow

priapism

Disruption of tunica with hematoma

fracture

Best seen post-void or with injection of contrast

urethral stricture or trauma

Normal testis Doppler findings

symmetric flow, low resistance

Torsion Doppler findings

absent or reduced arterial flow

Epididymitis/Orchitis Doppler findings

hyperemia

The testes are normally __________ in shape and have a __________ echotexture

ovoid; homogeneous

The __________ is located superior and posterior to the testis.

epididymis

The __________ __________ surrounds the testicle and can contain fluid in a hydrocele.

tunica vaginalis

Normal testicular arterial flow is __________ resistance and __________.

low; continuous

Testicular torsion typically presents as __________ or __________ blood flow on

Doppler.

absent; decreased

A varicocele is diagnosed when the pampiniform plexus veins measure over __________

mm and show __________ on Valsalva.

2 mm; reflux

__________ is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in post-pubertal males.

epididymitis

Seminomas typically appear as __________ (echogenicity) intratesticular masses.

hypoechoic

The patient is typically positioned in the __________ __________ decubitus position for

TRUS.

left lateral

The largest zone of the prostate and most common site of cancer is the __________

zone.

peripheral

The __________ zone is the area that enlarges in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

transitional

The __________ __________ are located posterior to the bladder and are imaged

during prostate ultrasound.

seminal vesicles

Prostatitis may appear as a __________ and __________ prostate with increased

vascularity.

enlarged; heterogeneous

Prostate cancer often appears as a __________ lesion in the peripheral zone on

ultrasound.

hypoechoic

Normal prostate volume is typically under __________ cc in younger men.

30

The two dorsal erectile structures are the __________ __________.

corpora cavernosa

The __________ __________ surrounds the corpora cavernosa and is disrupted in

penile fracture.

tunica albuginea

__________’s disease is characterized by fibrous plaques in the tunica albuginea.

Peyronie’s

The corpus spongiosum lies __________ to the corpora cavernosa and contains the

__________.

Ventral; urethra

A cavernosal artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) above __________ cm/s is considered

normal in an erectile dysfunction study

30

Low-flow priapism shows __________ or __________ cavernosal artery flow.

absent; minimal

A penile ultrasound is typically performed with the patient in a __________ position.

supine