Microorganisms and Human Disease

These flashcards cover key concepts, diseases, symptoms, and pathogenic organisms related to microorganisms and human diseases, focusing on the skin, eyes, and nervous system.

Which of the following describes the two main types of immune responses involved in skin protection?
A) Acquired immunity and inflammation
B) Adaptive immunity and fever
C) Innate immunity and normal flora
D) Humoral immunity and phagocytosis

C

What is the definition of exanthema?
A) A type of skin infection
B) Widespread skin rash
C) A localized skin lesion
D) Inflammation of the epidermis

B

In the context of skin lesions, what best defines a bulla?
A) A pus-filled lesion
B) Vesicles that are greater than 1 cm in size
C) A small, elevated lesion less than 1 cm
D) A flat, discolored area of skin

B

Which types of bacteria are primarily involved in staphylococcal skin infections?
A) Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus
B) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
C) Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Impetigo is characterized by which of the following?
A) Crusting (nonbullous) sores, often spread by autoinoculation
B) Fluid-filled blisters larger than 1 cm
C) Macular rash with Koplik's spots
D) Deep tissue necrosis

A

Which of the following is a common bacterial cause of conjunctivitis?
A) Propionibacterium acnes
B) Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae
C) Chlamydia trachomatis
D) Clostridium tetani

B

Chlamydia trachomatis is known to cause which common condition?
A) Ophthalmia neonatorum
B) Keratitis
C) Conjunctivitis due to allergic reaction
D) Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world

D

What is the primary major concern associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
A) It results in only superficial discomfort
B) It primarily causes mild skin irritation
C) It is easily treated with over-the-counter medication
D) It is a life- and limb-threatening infection

D

Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with viral conjunctivitis?
A) Swollen lymph nodes (preauricular)
B) Purulent discharge
C) Itching, pain, or serous discharge
D) Extensive crusting of eyelids

C

Acne vulgaris is primarily caused by which organism?
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Propionibacterium acnes
C) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D) Streptococcus pyogenes

B

What is the primary role of the blood-brain barrier in the nervous system?
A) It prevents microbes from entering the nervous system
B) To regulate neurotransmitter levels
C) To allow free passage of all substances
D) To facilitate nutrient absorption

A

Which of the following is a typical route for microbes to enter the nervous system?
A) Through skull or backbone fractures, medical procedures, along peripheral nerves, or via blood or lymph
B) Via the digestive tract
C) Exclusively through inhalation
D) Through skin pores

A

What is the classical presentation of bacterial meningitis?
A) Vomiting and diarrhea
B) Fever, headache, and stiff neck
C) Rash and joint pain
D) Muscle weakness and numbness

B

Which key technique is primarily used to diagnose bacterial meningitis?
A) X-ray imaging
B) Lumber puncture and CSF analysis
C) Urinalysis
D) Blood culture

B

Which vaccine provides protection against tetanus?
A) Influenza vaccine
B) MMR vaccine
C) Tetanus toxoid (DTP) vaccine
D) Polio vaccine

C

Which of the following best describes the clinical picture of botulism?
A) Severe skin rash and joint pain
B) Rapid onset of muscle spasms
C) Flaccid paralysis, general weakness, and nausea without fever
D) Spastic paralysis and high fever

C

Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with which of the following?
A) Poliovirus
B) Rabies virus
C) Varicella-zoster virus
D) Herpes simplex virus

A

How is rabies primarily transmitted?
A) Through animal bites, commonly from dogs and wild animals
B) Through contaminated food
C) Through airborne droplets
D) Through insect vectors

A

What is a common treatment for candidiasis?
A) Topical treatment with miconazole or nystatin
B) Antiviral medications
C) Surgical debridement
D) Oral antibiotics

A

Which of the following is a preventive measure for botulism?
A) Proper canning of food
B) Regular hand washing
C) Vaccination in infancy
D) Avoiding raw fruits and vegetables

A

What are the main symptoms of keratitis caused by HSV?
A) Pain, tearing, and decreased vision
B) Mild itching and redness
C) Yellow discharge and photophobia
D) No symptoms in early stages

A

What is the significance of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis?
A) It acts as a primary source of nutrients for the brain
B) It provides a sample for microbiological analysis
C) It is used to directly administer antibiotics
D) It helps in reducing intracranial pressure

B

Which definition best describes necrotizing fasciitis?
A) A severe infection of the deep fascia that threatens life and limb
B) A bacterial infection limited to hair follicles
C) A superficial infection of the epidermis
D) A viral rash causing red spots

A

Which types of skin infections are typically caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
A) Ringworm and candidiasis
B) Erysipelas and cellulitis
C) Folliculitis and boils
D) Impetigo and acne

B

What characterizes the rash associated with measles?
A) Crusting sores
B) Macular rash and Koplik's spots
C) Blisters greater than 1 cm
D) Papules and vesicles

B

What is a common characteristic of fungal infections of the skin?
A) They are caused by dermatophytes that metabolize keratin
B) They primarily affect internal organs
C) They are typically caused by viruses
D) They are usually self-healing without intervention

A

Describe a typical feature of conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in neonates?
A) Mild redness
B) Ophthalmia neonatorum
C) Chronic dry eyes
D) Sensitivity to light only

B

Which clinical marking is typically associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
A) Pain that is disproportionate to clinical findings
B) Localized discoloration without pain
C) Rapid improvement with oral antibiotics
D) Mild tenderness at the site of infection

A

Which organism is associated with spastic paralysis in tetanus?
A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Clostridium difficile
C) Clostridium tetani
D) Clostridium botulinum

C

What is the consequence of untreated childhood meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
A) It may lead to severe complications or death
B) It typically resolves on its own without intervention
C) It can be effectively managed with common pain relievers
D) It only causes mild, temporary discomfort

It may lead to severe complications or death.