AP Euro unit 9

What was the essential question of Unit 9?

To what extent is the French Revolution an attempt to create a government based on Enlightenment ideals?

How did the legal division of society under the Old Regime fail to reflect actual conditions in France?

There was a disconnect between legal privilege and economic realities.

What was the existing property system in France before the Revolution?

The commons paid the brunt of taxes.

What changes occurred in the nobility and bourgeoisie prior to the Revolution?

Economic vulnerability and political exclusion contributed to internal divisions.

What features of the agrarian and manorial system were remnants of the feudal age?

Survivals included forced labor and economic strain on peasants.

How did political unity in France contribute to the Revolution?

The unification of the Third Estate and the rise of public opinion became significant political forces.

What role did the church play in the Old Regime?

The church held vast wealth and was a privileged first estate with close ties to the monarchy.

What was the condition of people in the Third Estate below the commercial and professional families?

They experienced extreme poverty and heavy taxation.

What was the significance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

It announced principles of individual citizenship and collective national sovereignty.

What were the major principles announced in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

It emphasized individual rights and national sovereignty.

What was the impact of the financial crisis on the French Revolution?

The financial crisis led to increased taxation and unrest among the lower classes.

What events occurred when the Estates General was convened?

The National Assembly was formed, leading to significant political changes.

What legislation did the Constituent Assembly introduce regarding public finances?

The abolition of serfdom and guilds.

Who were some voices advocating for women's rights during the Revolutionary era?

Olympe de Gouges, Pauline Léon, and others.

What was the impact of the Revolution on women's rights?

The Revolution both advanced and restricted women's social and political rights.

What was the significance of the March on Versailles?

It demonstrated the power of the people and their demands for bread.

What was the role of the Jacobins during the Revolution?

They were a political club known for their radical views.

What was the 'flight to Varennes'?

It was an attempt by the royal family to escape Paris, which failed.

What was the Le Chapelier Law?

It banned workers' associations and guilds.

What was the impact of the Revolution on the church?

The church faced schism and loss of power due to state control.

What was the 'Great Fear' of 1789?

It was a period of panic among peasants fearing aristocratic retaliation.

What was the role of the National Assembly?

It represented the common people and sought to reform the government.

What was the significance of the Rights of Woman?

It was a formal demand for gender equality during the Revolution.

What was the impact of the Revolution on social classes?

It led to significant political transformation and social change.

What position did Edmund Burke take regarding the Revolution?

He was critical of radical changes and warned of chaos.

Political Cartoon

A visual representation that uses satire to comment on political events or issues.

Reactions of European Governments to French Revolution

European governments reacted with fear of contagion, leading to a threat to monarchy and a desire to suppress revolutionary ideas.

Declaration of Pillnitz

A declaration by Austria and Prussia threatening to intervene in France if the monarchy was not restored, which led to increased tensions and support for war among various French factions.

Dissatisfaction of Peasants and Urban Workers

Peasants and urban workers were dissatisfied due to persistent hunger, high prices, and new financial burdens.

Insurrection of August 10, 1792

Called the 'second' French Revolution due to the radicalization of the revolution and the end of constitutional monarchy.

Reflections on the Revolution in France

A political pamphlet written by Edmund Burke criticizing the French Revolution and its principles.

Emigrés

French nobles who fled the revolution and plotted against it from abroad.

Girondins

A political faction during the French Revolution that favored a more moderate approach and opposed the radical Montagnards.

Brunswick Manifesto

A proclamation by the Duke of Brunswick threatening to destroy Paris if the French royal family was harmed.

September Massacres

A series of violent killings of prisoners in Paris during September 1792, driven by fears of counter-revolution.

Committee of Public Safety

A political body that gained dictatorial control during the Reign of Terror, responsible for the execution of perceived enemies of the revolution.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies.

Battle of Valmy

A significant revolutionary victory for the French over invading Prussian and Austrian forces in 1792.

Sans-Culottes

Radical working-class Parisians who played a significant role in the revolution, known for wearing trousers instead of knee-breeches.

Revolt of the Vendee

A counter-revolutionary uprising in the Vendee region, driven by opposition to the revolutionary government.

Political Division in the Convention

The Convention was divided mainly between the Montagnards (radicals) and the Girondins (moderates), with the Montagnards advocating for centralized government and the execution of the king.

Significance of the Execution of the King

Marked the end of monarchy in France and symbolized the rise of popular sovereignty.

Insurrection of May 31, 1793

Led to the purge of the Girondins from the Convention and increased centralized power.

9 Thermidor

The day marking the end of the Reign of Terror and the fall of Robespierre, leading to a period of political instability.

Political Changes after 9 Thermidor

The aftermath included the rise of the Directory and a shift away from radical policies.

Maximilien Robespierre

A dominant figure in the French Revolution, known for his role in the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror.

Committee of General Security

A committee established during the French Revolution responsible for internal security and political repression.

Levee en masse

A policy of mass conscription in revolutionary France to mobilize the population for military service.

General maximum

A law that set price limits on goods and wages to combat inflation during the French Revolution.

Constitution of 1793

The governing document adopted during the French Revolution that established a more democratic government.

Ventose Laws

Legislation passed in March 1794 aimed at redistributing property and wealth during the Revolution.

Dechristianization

A campaign during the French Revolution to reduce the influence of Christianity and promote secularism.

Worship of the Supreme Being

A deistic religion established by Robespierre as part of the revolutionary effort to replace traditional Christianity.

Thermidorian Reaction

The period following the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, characterized by a backlash against radicalism.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who played a key role in the fight against slavery and colonial rule.

Directory

The government of France from 1795 to 1799, characterized by a five-member committee and political instability.

Constitution of 1795

The governing document that established the Directory and a more conservative political structure after the radical phase.

Treaty of Campo Formio

A treaty signed in 1797 that ended the war between France and Austria, marking a significant diplomatic victory for France.

Coup d'état of Brumaire

The 1799 coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte that overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive set of civil laws established by Napoleon that reformed the legal system in France.

Plebiscite

A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal, often used by Napoleon to legitimize his rule.

First Consul

The title held by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup d'état of Brumaire, giving him significant power in the French government.

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church that recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority of French citizens.

Second Coalition

An alliance formed against France in 1799, consisting of Britain, Austria, and Russia, among others.

Royalists

Supporters of monarchy who opposed the revolutionary government and sought to restore the monarchy in France.

Political instability

A condition characterized by frequent changes in government and political unrest, prevalent during the Directory.

Economic crisis

A period of financial turmoil in France during the Revolution, leading to inflation and food shortages.

Military successes

Victories achieved by revolutionary forces that bolstered national pride and supported the legitimacy of the revolutionary government.

Administrative centralization

The process of consolidating power and decision-making authority within a central government, implemented by Napoleon.

Religious reconciliation

Efforts made by Napoleon to mend relations with the Catholic Church and other religious groups in France.

National identity

A sense of belonging and unity among the citizens of France, strengthened during and after the Revolution.

What was the Council of State established by Napoleon Bonaparte?

A body to advise the government and manage state affairs.

What was the Concordat of 1801?

An agreement between Napoleon and the Roman Catholic Church in France.

What principle did Napoleon's 'careers open to talent' promote?

Public service should be based on skill and ability, not birth or status.

What was the purpose of the Bank of France founded by Napoleon?

To stabilize the economy and manage the national finances.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A legal framework that unified and modernized French civil law.

What were the major causes of the French Revolution?

Intellectual, social, political, and economic factors, including government debt and social inequality.

What was the significance of the Assembly of Notables in 1787?

Nobles refused to approve new taxes proposed by the king, leading to a political crisis.

What was the Estates General summoned in 1789?

A general assembly representing the three estates of the realm: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

What grievances were expressed in the Cahier of the Third Estate?

Calls for equal taxation, protection of property rights, and suppression of sale of offices.

What did Abbe Sieyes argue about the Third Estate?

He claimed it represented the nation and was essential for its success, while the privileged orders were a burden.

What event is known as Bastille Day?

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, marking the beginning of the revolution.

What was 'The Great Fear' during the French Revolution?

A period of panic and riots among peasants in response to rumors of aristocratic conspiracies.

What was the role of women in the early French Revolution?

They participated in significant events like the Women's March on Versailles demanding bread and political rights.

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlined individual rights and the principles of democracy.

What was the outcome of the Tennis Court Oath?

The Third Estate vowed to not disband until a new constitution was established.

What was the significance of the National Assembly formed on June 17, 1789?

It marked the assertion of the Third Estate's power and the beginning of a new legislative body in France.

What was the impact of Louis XVI closing the hall of the Third Estate?

It escalated tensions and led to the formation of the National Assembly.

What was the reaction of Louis XVI to the events of the revolution?

He summoned an army to Versailles, which incited further unrest among the populace.

What was the significance of the Declaration of the Constitution of 1791?

It established a constitutional monarchy in France, limiting the powers of the king.

What was the role of the bourgeoisie in the French Revolution?

They were part of the Third Estate and sought greater political power and social equality.

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the nobility?

The revolution diminished their power and privileges, leading to significant social changes.

What were the long-term effects of the French Revolution?

It inspired future democratic movements and reshaped the political landscape of Europe.

What are the natural, inalienable rights of man declared by the National Assembly?

Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

What does Article 1 of the Declaration state about men?

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

What is the principle of sovereignty according to the Declaration?

All sovereignty resides essentially in the nation.

What does liberty consist of according to the Declaration?

The freedom to do everything which injures no one else.

What limits the exercise of natural rights according to the Declaration?

Limits are determined by law to ensure enjoyment of the same rights for all members of society.

What is the role of law as expressed in the Declaration?

Law is the expression of the general will and must be the same for all.

What rights do citizens have regarding participation in law-making?

Every citizen has the right to participate personally or through representatives in the formation of law.