chapter 3: a&p (cells)

Cell Theory

The cell is the smallest unit of life, all organisms are made of one or more cells, and cells only arise from other cells.

Extracellular Materials

Substances outside the cell including extracellular fluid, cellular secretions, and extracellular matrix.

Lipids

Components like the phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol that form the cell membrane.

Proteins

Essential for transport, receptors, enzymes, and cell-to-cell contact.

Carbohydrates

Include glycocalyx, glycoproteins, and glycolipids on cell surfaces.

Cell Junctions

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions for cell adhesion and communication.

Membrane Transport

Involves passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (primary and secondary).

Membrane Potential

Voltage across the membrane established by diffusion and active transport.

Plasma Membranes

Components like cell adhesion molecules, membrane receptors, and signaling mechanisms.

Cytoplasm

Includes cytosol, inclusions, organelles, and the nucleus.

Endomembrane System

Organelles like the nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Cytoskeleton

Comprising microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments for cell structure and movement.

Cellular Extensions

Cilia, flagella, and microvilli for various cellular functions.

Nucleus

Stores genetic information, surrounded by the nuclear envelope, and contains the nucleolus.

Chromosomes

Structures containing DNA that carry genetic information.

Cell Cycle

Includes interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and G0 phase.

Control of Cell

Involves factors like surface area to volume ratio, chemical signals, and cell growth regulation.

Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into RNA involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins from RNA involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

DNA Replication

Process of copying DNA involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

Autophagy & Apoptosis

Cellular processes for removing unnecessary components and programmed cell death.