Sleep (ANSWER W/ TERM)

(ANSWER W/ TERM)

EEGs measure brain waves (brain activity changes during sleep)

Describe the role of EEGs in sleep research.

Theta waves (small, high frequency)

What type of brain waves are seen in Stages 1 & 2 of sleep?

- light sleep

- brain waves are somewhat similar to awake brain activity

- "transition stages"

Describe stages 1 & 2 of sleep.

Delta waves (large, low frequency)

What type of brain waves are seen in Stages 3 & 4 of sleep?

Theta and beta waves

What brain waves are seen during REM sleep?

90 minutes

What is the length of a typical sleep cycle?

- Stages 1-4, then back to 2 before going into REM

- More deep sleep early in night, more REM in morning

- 4-6 cycles per night

How do the sleep stages change during the course of the night?

Restore brain’s energy

What is the function of slow wave sleep?

- form new synapses

- neural development

- memory consolidation

What is the function of REM sleep?

- Fatigue & irritability

- Making & overlooking mistakes

- Decrease in cognitive function (memory, attention, reaction times)

List the effects of sleep deprivation.

- Pons (ACh)

- Locus Coeruleus (NE)

- Raphe nuclei (5-HT)

- Tuberomammillary nucleus (Histamine)

List the brain areas & NTs that play a role in staying awake.

- GABA

- Adenosine

- Melatonin

List the NTs/hormones that play a role in falling asleep.

Causes sleep by releasing GABA, which suppresses the activity of the locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, and tuberomammillary nucleus.

What is the function of the VLPA?

Pons

- releases ACh- causes paralysis during REM

- also causes random neural activity that gets interpreted as dreams

Which brain area is associated with REM sleep.

Frontal lobe tells a story about random activation starting in the pons

What is the activation synthesis theory of dreams?

SCN

Which brain area is the internal clock?

An external cue, like sunlight, that helps synchronize the body’s internal biological rhythms with the environment.

What is a zeitgeber?

The per gene makes PER protein on a regular cycle. The SCN keeps track of how long it takes to make and break down PER, which helps it tell time.

What is the PER cycle and how does it help the SCN measure time?

Melatonin

What hormone is released from the pineal gland?

- Helps you fall asleep.

- It’s released when it’s dark and plays a role in seasonal rhythms.

What is the function of melatonin?

Inadequate sleep (difficult falling/staying asleep)

Describe the symptoms of insomnia.

Breathing stops and starts during sleep

Describe the symptoms of sleep apnea

- sleep attacks

- cataplexy

- sleep paralysis

- hypnagogic hallucinations

Describe the symptoms of narcolepsy.

Physically acting out dreams (often to the point of injury)

Describe the symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder

-CPAP

-weight loss

-surgery

Describe treatment options for sleep apnea.

-amphetamines

-antidepressants

Describe treatment options for narcolepsy.

-benzodiazepines

-safety measures

Describe treatment options for REM sleep behavior disorder.

-best treatment = behavioral/lifestyle changes

Describe treatment options for insomnia.

Low levels of hypocretin/orexin

Describe the cause of narcolepsy.

Absence of REM atonia (paralysis during REM)

Describe the cause of REM sleep behavior disorder.