Module 2: metabolism and enzymatic reactions

speed up chemical reactions

what is the primary function of enzymes

ATP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, CO2, NADPH, H2O

carbon fixation begin with…

Beta-oxidation pathway

catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids

fermentation and respiration

what are two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+

anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen)

when should fermentation occur

6 18 12 12 18 12

___CO2 + ___ATP + ___NADPH + ___H20 → C6H12O6 + ___ADP + ___NADH

aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen)

when should cellular respiration occur

1. glycolysis

2. fermentation or respiration

3. electron transport chain

what are 3 distinct phases of glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

chemotrophs utilize what form of phosphorylation

donate and accept

ATP have the energy to __________ while ADP has the capacity to _______ energy

not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly

what is the most notable aspect of an enzyme

by a cofactor or other active enzymes

what regulates enzymes

protease

a type of enzyme that catalyzes the break down of proteins and is essential when we eat

catalase

a type of enzyme that accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

lipase

a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids

hydrolases

an enzyme that catalyze hydrolysis

A + B + H2O = A-OH + B-H

what is the basic reaction of a hydrolase

isomerase

an enzyme that intramolecularly rearranges by altering bonds and/or configurations

A-B = B-A

what is the basic reaction of a isomerase

ligases

an enzyme that forms a covalent bond between 2 molecules

A + B = A-B

what is the basic reaction of a ligase

lyase

a type of enzyme that breaks the covalent bond

A-B = A + B

what is the basic reaction of a lyase

oxidoreductase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons

A- + B = A + B-

what is the basic reaction of an oxidoreductase enzyme

transferace

an enzyme that transfers functional groups from 1 molecule to another one

Ab + C = A + Cb

what is the basic reaction of transferace

cellular metabolism

controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life

catabolism

process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources

anabolism

building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair

catalysis

acceleration of a reaction by making it more energetically favorable

lowers it

what does catalysis do to the activation energy

cofactor

metal ions that activate or enhance enzyme activity

substrate

target of an enzyme

its structure

what decides the enzymes function

active site

component of enzyme that binds to substrate and alter its produces a product

specificity

selectiveness of enzyme for a specific substrate

enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, and pH

the rate of reactions is dependent on what?

protease

breaks down proteins

lipase

breaks down lipids

amylase

breaks down starch

catalase

breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen

oxidation-reduction reaction

when an e- is transferred

reduced

the electron acceptor

oxidized

the electron donor

ATP

generated by a phosphorylation reaction and is an activated carrier and released from catabolism

phototrophs

acquire energy from photons of light

chemotrophs

acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment

organotrophs and lithotrophs

what are 2 types of chemotrophs

organotrophs

remove electrons from organic compounds

lithotrophs

remove electrons from inorganic molecules

heterotrophs

derives carbon from organic molecules for food

autotrophs

derive carbon from inorganic molecules for food

photophosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

3 types of phosphorylation

photophosphorylation

light energy used to power formation of ATP from ADP

substrate-level phosphorylation

PO3 is added to ADP

phosphorylated reactive intermediate

chemical compound losing the phosphate group

oxidative phosphorylation

occurs in the mitochondria and is when energy released by chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP

glycolysis, pyruvate intermediate step, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

4 stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate

cytoplasm

where does anaerobic reaction of glycolysis occur

glucose, co-enzyme NAD+, and ATP

what are the 3 reactants of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 H

what are the 4 products of glycolysis

intermediate phase

a 1 reaction phase of cellular respiration where pyruvate converts to acetyl coenzyme A

TCA Cycle

transfers energy stored in Acetyl-CoA to activated carriers NAD+ and FAD

mitochondrial matrix

where does the TCA cycle occur

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH

what are the products of TCA cycle

electron transport chain

uses chemiosmosis and movement of H+ to carry H+ against concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space

NADH and FADH

what are the two electron carriers in the ETC

proton motive force

drives H+ through ATP synthase complex; making 34 ATP molecules

fermentation

no oxygen and allows for catabolism in the absence of oxygen as an e- acceptor; yields less energy

ethanol

type of e- acceptor in alcoholic fermentation

pyruvate

type of e- acceptor in lactic acid fermentation

4

how much ATP is made in glycolysis

2

how much ATP is made in TCA

34

how much ATP is made in the ETC

protein and lipid catabolism

what are two non-glucose alternatives

protein catabolism

provides energy, nitrogen, and sulfur and carbon backbone goes into TCA cycle

provides substrates to enter Krebs Cycle and provides nitrogen and sulfur components

what are 2 benefits of protein catabolism

deamination

removal of amino group

lipid catabolism

produces substrates, activated carriers, and ATP

lipases

enzymes that detach glycerol from fatty acids

DHAP from glycerol

what is used as a substrate for glycolysis in lipid catabolism

beta-oxidation

fatty acids catabolized and joined with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA

photophosphorylation

“light reaction” and is the converting of light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

in the membrane

where does photophosphorylation ocur

calvin cycle

“dark reaction” and the ability of microorganism to use ATP and NADPH convert CO2 and H2O

produce G3P

what is the overall goal of the calvin cycle

carbon fixation

process of converting ATP and NADPH into CO2 and H2O