u1 apwh test review (before 1200) (copy)

paleolithic societies

hominins grouped together in small societies such as bands and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, and hunting or scavenging wild animals.

Neolithic societies

lived in densely built settlements and numbered 50-300 individuals. During the Pre-Pottery, Early and Middle ___, the basic unit of society was the clan or extended family that consisted of parents, children, grandparents and other close kinship.

imperial administration

rule by an emperor or empress; new emperors are passed down through generation or through conquest

stratification

the arrangement or classification of something into different groups.

• "wealth is the main symbol of social stratification"

  • social hierarchy

religion

this shaped society as a whole, along with social hierarchies, conflicts, trade, alliances, the joining of two states, etc.

primary sources

a piece of evidence that was created from that timeline

• e.g., the Declaration of Independence, or a copy of of the Declaration of Independence to preserve the document.

• The Vedas

secondary sources

any documents that are based off of primary sources

• e.g., textbooks, history websites

• analyzing a picture and writing text/annotating

contextualization

using historical context to understand a source better

methods of state building from the classical states

• marriage alliances -- unifying power & trust

• tribute — paying goods or wealth to the stronger power to keep them away

  • e.g., Xiongnu empire paying in silk or grains to the Chinese empire for peace and to prevent invasion.

religious authority

rulers, often considered divine

Byzantine empire

• east side of Roman empire

• does not consist of Mediterranean culture

• mirrored the political system of late imperial Rome

  • unique culture thrived

Judaism

• monotheistic

• beliefs became codified into the Torah

  • Capture from the Babylonians lead to some degree of culture assimilation

monotheistic

belief in one God

• e.g., Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism

polytheistic

belief in multiple Gods

• e.g., Ancient Greek religions, Hinduism

Hinduism

• Based off of the writings of the Vedas and the Upanishads

• oldest religion in the world

Caste System

based off of Hindu culture

Vedas

sacred texts combined to explain rituals, ceremonies, coming of age, retirement, marriages, cremation, sacrifices, stories, values, hymns, etc.

Upanishads

• focuses more on life’s meaning and how man & universe is related

• added ideas to the Vedas, such as karma, reincarnation, atman, etc.

dharma

role in society/life based on your stature in the caste system

samsara

• cycle of passions/suffering.

  • desires, such as food, sex, & pleasure

Moksha

escape from samsara

• Buddhism: can achieve this in one lifetime

• Hinduism: can take generations to achieve

Hindu life cycle

• student: learn basic Hinduism

• Householder: make a family

• hermit: spiritual practice, volunteering, reading scripture, pilgrimage

• renunciation: free obligation, work on spiritual self, perhaps with a Guru

pilgrimage

journey to a holy place in one’s culture/religion

Buddhism

• Began in 6th century BCE

• Siddhartha Guatama/Enlightened One/Buddha

• 4 Noble Truths

• Demoted caste systems & called everyone equal since anyone can become enlightened

Siddhartha Guatama

• Enlightened One, or the Buddha

• Did not find meaning in Hinduism, left home and became an ascetic (wandering holy man)

  • his Enlightenment came underneath a tree

4 Noble Truths

• Buddhismn

  1. life is suffering/samsara

  2. suffering is caused by false desires/things that do not bring satisfaction

  3. suffering can be relieved by removing desire/samsara

  4. to remove samsara follow the Eight Fold Path

     • path to Enlightenment/Nirvana

Confucianism

• inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values

• civil exams to achieve a high stature are based off of these beliefs; anyone can take the civil exams and achieve a high stature

• created social hierarchy and gave men more status

• 5 basic relationships

• more of a philosophy rather than a religion

• accepting of society’s endless cycle of inequality

Daoism

• religion

• to be in a natural order of the universe; the cosmos are a natural and unchanging principle that governs all of the workings of the world.

  • not good or bad, but just is.

• learn to “live with it”

• Yin & Yang

• reflective & introspective

5 basic relationships in Confucianism

• Emperor & subject: the Emperor has responsibility to take care of his subjects, and the subjects obey their emperor.

• older brother & younger brother: the older brother takes care of younger brother and the younger brother obeys the older brother

• husband & wife: husband takes care of wife and wife obeys husband

• friend & friend: mutual care and obedience

a superior man in Confucianism exhibits

• ren - kindness

• li - sense of property

• Xiao - filial peity/loyalty to family

Christianity

• originated from a Jewish belief of a Messiah

  • its founder, Jesus, was viewed as a Messiah

    • born and raised a Jew

    • during his lifetime, the area he lived in was controlled by Rome

• assured life after death to ALL followers, so it did not follow a caste system or social hierarchy

• love, charity, humility

• Final judgement day where righteous are granted immortality and sinners are sent to hell

• Jesus was executed by Roman officials bc. he was seen as a rebel against Judaism

  • After his death, his teachings were spread, but not w/o conflict

Hellenism

• Culture of Ancient Greece

• Mainly spread by Alexander the Great

• no caste system in this culture

• formed out of curiosity and theories, but were never acted upon. their questions and theories were milestones later contributed to the scientific methods

• Symmetry, proportion, and the pursuit of the ideal

  • e.g., Greek statues have identical proportions (6x the foot is the height, hence our measurements today)

• Became more cosmopolitan through the expanding empire of Alexander the Great

  • Alexander purposefully spread this culture by introducing marriages b/w different cultures (methods of state-building)

belief systems

generally force social structures, while offering roles and status to men and women (gender roles in society)

what agricultural surplus lead to

___ lead to higher developed society, with gender roles, caste systems, and social hierarchy.

patriarchal religions/cultures

___ religions or cultural examples include Confucianism, Christianity, and Hinduism

asceticism

extreme rejection of the materialistic values of the world, such as pleasure of desire.

• Moksha

monasticism

• lifestyle of living as monks in a monastery

• eliminated the caste system by giving women and the poor to level up in society by becoming a monk

• Buddhism

Shamanism

• not a religion

• set of practices to manipulate the natural world through rites and ceremonies performed by shamans.

• found within people who can’t read, therefore eliminates caste system

animism

• objects are inhabited by spirits or God

• found within people who can’t read, therefore eliminates caste system

• ancestors communicated with the living using oracle bones

• raised importance of having a script and people who can read

• oracle bones that survive today provide information on early Chinese civilizations

the importance of oracle bones in Chinese society

Roman Empire

• very organized

  • including division of states and their military

• led to Western Latin Empire and eastern Greek portion, plus the Byzantine Empire

• their civil laws apply to all cultures

• Jus Gentium and Jus Civile

Persian Empire

• 1st Persian Empire: Achaemenid

  • reached peak under Cyrus the Great

    • at its peak, conquered many countries, mainly in the Arabian Peninsula

• disagreement between the Greeks and the Romans caused Alexander the Great to expand Persian Empire

• the last Persian Empire was the Sassanid Empire. Its unravel is one of the primary factors for the spread of Islam

centralized

• power with one individual or group of individuals

  • target of blame falls upon that individual or group of individuals when weakness falls upon the people

decentralized

• decisions made at a local scale

• devolution can lead to separation of regions

• difficulty uniting during times of crises

The Period of Warring States

• occurred after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty

• period of conflict, confusion, instability, chaos

• caused regenration

• questions like “what is the best form of government?” or “what is the nature of a man"?”

  • answers to these questions lead to the cultures of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism

Qin Dynasty

• only lasted 14 years, but created many aspects of Chinese culture

  • aspects include creating a bureaucracy

  • roads, bridges, literacy systems, the Great Wall of China, paper money, standard units of weight

  • However strict political philosophy generated resentment, lead to revolution after death of emperor.

bureaucracy

a group of people having the most influence over a country

Han Dynasty

• came to power after the Qin Dynasty

• ruled for 400 years

• official adoption of Confucianism and civil service exams of this philosophy caused it to be embedded into Chinese culture

why Romans are the reason that different cultures engage in trade

• their basic laws -- jus civile and jus gentium -- applied to all cultures, which created unity

diplomacy

• negotiation b/w allies and foes

  • e.g., in the Gupta Empire, defeated kings from rivalry empires would pay a price to stay in rule, making them indirect subjects to Emperor Samudragupta.

  • Han taking over the Xiongnu through an alliance

• unification

• blending of two regions

viae militares

military roads created by the Romans to move troops easily

all governments’ policies to facilitate commercial activities

• Romans applying their laws to all cultures (ignorance is not an excuse for a crime) lead to more cultural unity

• Qin emperor centralizing China, created infrastructure by collecting tax from the people

  • helped advance government

over extension of borders

one of the main reasons why an empire would collapse; borders grew so large that they had trouble guarding their territory

high amount of taxation

one of the main reasons of the decline of an empire; this created an imbalance between the rich and the poor.

pattern and settlement in Arabia before Muhammed’s life

• Arabia was intensely tribal without any centralized force of government

  • known as the Nomadic Bedouins, security and protection was given to people in the tribe

• trade was bringing in wealth that challenged the tribal system

where Islam began

Medina; people in Mecca thought of Muhammed’s teachings as a threat to the current polytheistic beliefs of the tribe, so he was kicked out and sent elsewhere. He started his teachings in Medina, where it first popularized.

• however, the faith of one God (Allah) later influenced modern society in Arabia by bringing tribes together and creating a sense of unity.

5 pillars

1. faith/belief in no God but Allah

2. prayers - 5 times a day facing Mecca (holy place)

3. alms giving - donating money to the poor

4. fasting - Ramadan, praying (Ramadan is a cultural practice ADOPTED into Islam)

5. Muhammed’s return to Mecca, raised an army of 10,000 people to destroy the city and the Gods in Quaba to establish Allah, and restart its beliefs

Khalif

• takes place of Muhammed after his death, essentially as a leader of a religious community

• mix of religious, military, and political authorities

• someone who is given a mandate of power

• first four Khalif’s are known as the Rightly Guided Ones

• last Khalif’s name is Ali, and debate was to choose between the four Khalifs or Ali

prophet

messenger of God

Suni and Chia tribes

• Suni tribe was Muhammed’s tribe

  • believed that the only legitimate Khalif was the Ali, since he was related to Muhammed and rejected all the other three Khalifs

• Shia was a tribe with other Muslim beliefs

  • all four Khalifs were legitimate

Umayyads

• they spread Islam the farthest by conquest

• the most influential group of Islam

• filled the position of Khalifs for generations

• overthrown by the Abbasid because the Abbasids were non-arabian Muslims

Abbasids

• non-arabian Muslims

• created a new dynasty in 750 CE

• overthrew Umayyads

• curious for education

Baghdad

• became the richest city in Arabia

• had the most influence

• taken over the Mongols

• major trading center

• influenced by the Persians; establishment of a bureaucracy

Persian Empire

Qin empire

Mauryan Empire

Roman Empire & Phoenicia

Mayan Civilization

Moche civilization

Han Empire

Gupta Empire