chapter 17: from gene to protein

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43 Terms

1

transcription

mRNA synthesis led by DNA

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2

translations

polypeptide synthesis led by mRNA

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3

mRNA

used to copy DNA code

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4

template strand

DNA sequence that duplicated itself during mRNA synthesis

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5

coding strand

DNA strand with a base sequence similar to that of RNA transcript

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6

transcription factor

proteins that assist with binding between RNA polymerase and transcription initiation

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7

5’- cap

cap on the 5’ end of an mRNA strand after transcription

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8

3’- end poly-A tail

sequence of A nucleotides on the 3’ end of the mRNA strand after transcription

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9

polyribosome

structure of a singular mRNA strand being fed through multiple ribosome at once. this allows for multiple copies of the same polypeptide to be made at once

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10

mutagen

something that can cause mutations in DNA/RNA strand

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11

metabolic pathway and relation to genes/proteins

  • a metabolic pathway is the step-wise synthesis or break-down of molecules

  • this relates to genes and proteins because genes are copied and step-wise created into proteins.

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12

Beadle and Tatum experiment

  • exposed different bread mold to x-rays to destroy different genes in the bread mold used to synthesize a protein

  • resulted in the bread molds each producing different variants of a protein, each being dysfunctional

  • idea of “one gene-one enzyme” emerged

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13

“one gene-one enzyme” today

now become “one gene-one polypeptide”

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14

genetic dogma

dna > rna > protein

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15

RNA vs DNA

  • RNA has U instead of T

  • RNA can code for proteins

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16

genetic code and why it’s called triplet

genetic code is a span of DNA which consists of 3 nucleotides coding for 1 amino acid.

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17

codon

set of 3 nucleotides which code for amino acids

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18

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic transcription

  • in prokaryotes, once the mRNA is made, translation immediately begins without any further modification

  • prokaryotes have a terminator. eukaroytes have polyadenylation signal

  • prokaryotes have no nuclear envelope so transcription and translation occur in same place

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19

promoter and terminator in transcription

tells polymerase when to begin coding and when to stop coding

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20

“transcription initiator complex”

  • consists of RNA polymerase 2 and transcription factors bound to promoter

  • only in eukaryotes

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21

RNA processing and types of modifications

  • occurs at ends of primary transcription

  • 5’ end gets cap and 3’ gets poly-A tail

  • some interior parts are cut out or spliced together

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22

intron vs. exon

intron: non-expressed region of a code

exon: coding-region which can be eventually expressed

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23

RNA splicing

introns being removed and exons being spliced together

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24

ribozyme

catalytic RNA molecule used in RNA splicing

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25

spliceosome and role in RNA processing

  • consists of snRNPs, snRNA, and proteins

  • removes introns and splices exons together

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26

alternative RNA splicing

some genes code for different versions of polypeptides depending on what is classified as intron or exon during splicing

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27

exon shuffling

  • exons brought over from different sequence or exons are duplicated

  • results in new genes

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28

anticodon and location in structure

  • sequence of amino acids on one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a mRNA codon

  • located at bottom of tRNA

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29

charged tRNA and energy molecule used

  • aminoacyl-RNA. it corrects tRNA and amino acid match

  • ATP

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30

what end of tRNA molecule contains amino acid attachment site

3’ end

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31

ribosome

  • consists of large and small subunit, composed of rRNA.

  • facilitates copying of tRNA and mRNA

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32

components of translation initiation complex and energy used

  • proteins, small and large subunit

  • GTP used

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33

functions of E, A, and P sites

  • E: exit site for tRNA

  • A: holds tRNA that has the next amino acid for protein

  • P: holds the growing chain and tRNA

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34

which end of polypeptide first emerges from ribosome

amino end

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35

post-translational modification of protein

  • folding

  • attaching sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, etc.

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36

how are polypeptides tagged for certain locations within the cell

has a protein “address label”

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37

signal peptide and signal recognition particle

  • signal peptide: bonds to peptides destined for ER or excretion

  • particle: binds to signal peptide and brings it to ER

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38

point mutation

chemical changes in one base pair

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39

missense mutation

a change in the code that still results in a protein, but not the right one

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40

nonsense mutation

change in code that doesn’t make a functional protein

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41

silent mutation

change in code which doesn’t affect the protein

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42

mutation most likely to cause major protein changes

base-pair

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43

frameshift mutation

change in code where the entire code is read in a different way, causing the entire protein to be changed rather than just one amino acid

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