A103 Exam 3

study numerical values - especially calculations!

Canine Terminology

• intact female → BITCH

• intact male → STUD DOG

• delivery/birth → WHELPING

Canine Terminology

• intact female → __

• intact male → __

• delivery/birth → __

Canine Development

1. neonatal → 0 - 10 DAYS

2. infant → 11 DAYS - 3 WEEKS

   1. socialization → 3 - 12 WEEKS

   2. fear → 8 - 12 WEEKS

3. juvenile → 12 WEEKS to PUBERTY

4. adolescent → PUBERTY to social MATURITY

Canine Development

1. __ → __ days

2. __ → __ days - __ weeks

   1. __ → __ weeks

   2. __ → __ weeks

3. __ → __ weeks to __

4. __ → __ to social __

1. Canine Development - Neonatal Period

• age → 0 - 10 DAYS

• eyelids and external ear canals are CLOSED

• 4 things to look for in pup after birth

  1. strong suckle

  2. raise head

  3. slide along

  4. vocalize

• altricial → BORN IN UNDEVELOPED STATE

  • dependent of mom for 3 things

    1. food

    2. thermoregulation

    3. stimulation to urinate/defecate

Canine Development - Neonatal Period

• age → __ days

• eyelids and external ear canals are __

• 4 things to look for in pup after birth

• altricial → __

  • dependent of mom for 3 things

Canine Development - Infant Period

• age → 11 DAYS - 3 WEEKS

• puppies develop VISION/HEARING and move a lot

  • provide a COMPLEX environment to allow for optimal development of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and desensitization to “FRIGHTENING” STIMULI

• what to look for at:

  • 10 - 16 days → EYELIDS OPEN

    • full sight → 4 - 8 WEEKS

  • 12 - 14 days → EXTERNAL EAR CANALS OPEN

    • full hearing → 3 - 6 WEEKS

  • 14 - 21 days → WALK & URINATE/DEFECATE SPONTANEOUSLY

  • 14 days → 1ST DEWORMING

Canine Development - Infant Period

• age → __ days - __ weeks

• puppies develop __/__ and move a lot

  • provide a __ environment to allow for optimal development of the __ and desensitization to __

• what to look for at:

  • 10 - 16 days → __

  • 12 - 14 days → __

    • full sight → __

  • 14 - 21 days → __

    • full hearing → __

  • 14 days → __

Canine Development - Socialization Period

• age → 3 - 12 WEEKS

• expose puppies to ALL situations they are likely to encounter during life and begin VACCINATIONS

• what to look for at:

  • 3 - 6 weeks → BABY TEETH ERUPT

  • 4 - 6 weeks → TESTES DESCEND (if not at birth)

  • 6 - 8 weeks → ADULT POSTURES & MOVEMENTS

    • first vet visit with VACCINATIONS

    • WEAN (keep with litter until 8 - 10 WEEKS, if possible)

  • 6 - 12 weeks → SOCIALIZATION with people

    • learn BITING inhibition

• basic training → SIT, STAY, DOWN, COME, CRATE TRAINING, LEASH WALK, ETC.

• house training → OUTSIDE AT RIGHT TIMES, SAME PLACE, POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

  • regression in training progress NORMAL

Canine Development - Socialization Period

• age → __ weeks

• expose puppies to __ situations they are likely to encounter during life and begin __

• what to look for at:

  • 3 - 6 weeks → __

  • 4 - 6 weeks → __ (if not at birth)

  • 6 - 8 weeks → __

    • first vet visit with __

    • __ (keep with litter until __ weeks, if possible)

  • 6 - 12 weeks → __

    • learn __ inhibition

• basic training → __

• house training → __

  • regression in training progress __

Canine Development - Fear Period

• age → 8 - 12 WEEKS

• occurs during the SOCIALIZATION period (3 - 12 weeks)

• period when pups develop TRAUMATIC RESPONSES

• traumatic experiences may make a puppy FEARFUL, ANXIOUS, or NEUROTIC

• training should be THOUGHTFUL

• Canine Development - Fear Period

• age → __

• occurs during the __ period (3 - 12 weeks)

• period when pups develop __

• these experiences may make a puppy __

• training should be __

Canine Development - Juvenile Period

1. age → 4 MONTHS to PUBERTY (6 - 14 MONTHS)

2. RAPID physical development

3. INCREASED independence

4. CONTINUED training

5. fear periods (lasting 3 WEEKS)

Canine Development - Juvenile Period

1. age → __ months to __ ( __ months)

2. __ physical development

3. __ independence

4. __ training

5. fear periods (lasting __ weeks)

Canine Adolescent Period

• age → PUBERTY to SOCIAL maturity

• degree of social maturity VARIES BY breed

Canine Adolescent Period

• age → __ to __ maturity

• degree of social maturity __ breed

Deworming Puppies

• MOST, NOT ALL, puppies are born with worms

  • even if pups are born 100% worm-free, they are AT RISK once born

• FREQUENT deworming of puppies is often recommended

  • deworming at 2, 4, 6, and 8 WEEKS of age ± monthly until 6 MONTHS

• worm pathogeny cycle

  • dog ingests TOXOCARA larva/egg or dog ingests TRANSPORT host

  • infected dog passes egg in FECES, MILK, and IN UTERO

  • egg is passed in DOG FECES

  • larva (inside egg) develops in the ENVIRONMENT

Deworming Puppies

• __ puppies are born with worms

  • even if pups are born 100% worm-free, they are __ once born

• __ deworming of puppies is often recommended

  • deworming at __, __, __, and __ weeks of age ± xmonthly until __ months

• worm pathogeny cycle

  • dog ingests __ larva/egg or dog ingests __ host

  • infected dog passes egg in __, __, and __

  • egg is passed in __

  • larva (inside egg) develops in __

Castrations & Ovariohysterectomies for Canines

• castration → NEUTER (removal of TESTES)

• ovariohysterectomy → SPAY

  • 2 commonly used acronyms

    1. OHE

    2. OVH

Castrations & Ovariohysterectomies for Canines

• castration → __ (removal of __)

• ovariohysterectomy → __

  • 2 commonly used acronyms

Benefits of Ovariohysterectomies for Canines

• no unplanned PREGNANCIES

• no ESTRUS behavior

• decreased risk of UTERINE dz

• decreased risk of OVARIAN dz

• decreased risk of MAMMARY tumors

  • intact females have 4× greater risk of benign and malignant tumors in dogs than spayed females

Risk of Ovariohysterectomies for Canines

• SURGICAL risk

• ANESTHETIC risk

• urinary INCONTINENCE (3%)

  • lack of muscle control results in UNCONTROLLED urinating

  • treat with LIFETIME estrogen supplements

• weight GAIN

• permanent

Benefits of Ovariohysterectomies for Canines

• no unplanned __

• no __ behavior

• decreased risk of u__ dz

• decreased risk of o__ dz

• decreased risk of __ tumors

  • intact females have __ times greater risk of benign and malignant tumors in dogs than spayed females

Risk of Ovariohysterectomies

• s__ risk

• a__ risk

• urinary __ (3%)

  • lack of muscle control results in __ urinating

  • treat with __ estrogen supplements

• weight __

• permanent

Risks of Early Neutering

• JOINT DISORDERS → hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, &/or cranial cruciate ligament tear

• CANCERS → lymphosarcoma, mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, or osteosarcoma

Recommended Time for Neutering

• breed and size-specific (> 40 LBS)

• delay castration/OHE to 1 OR 2 YEARS

• there ISN’T a one-size-fits-all recommendation

• the best may depend on a dog’s BEHAVIORAL tendencies (roaming, marking, aggression), environmental ENVIRONMENTAL factors (housing, fencing, space), JOB (working dog vs pet), and the LEGAL requirements of a city/town.

Risks of Early Neutering

• __ → hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, &/or cranial cruciate ligament tear

• __ → lymphosarcoma, mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, or osteosarcoma

Recommended Time for Neutering

• breed and size-specific (> __)

• delay castration/OHE to __ years

• there __ a one-size-fits-all recommendation

• the best may depend on a dog’s __ tendencies (roaming, marking, aggression), environmental __ factors (housing, fencing, space), __ (working dog vs pet), and the __ requirements of a city/town.

Canine Estrous Cycle

• puberty (breed-dependent) → @ 4-9 MONTHS to 2 YRS

• non-seasonal MONOESTROUS

• list the 4 phases and their durations

  1. PROESTRUS - 9 days (0-28d)

  2. ESTRUS - 9 days (1-24d)

  3. DIESTRUS - 2 months

  4. ANESTRUS - 3-5 months (< 3 months = subfertile)

• time between cycles → 4-13 MONTHS (avg 7 months)

Canine Estrous Cycle

• puberty (breed-dependent)

• non-seasonal __

• list the 4 phases and their durations

• time between cycles

Canine Estrous - Proestrus

• female attracts male but RESISTS BREEDING

• ENLARGED vulva

• BLOOD-TINGED uterine discharge

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → INCREASES THROUGHOUT AND PEAKS JUST BEFORE ONSET OF STANDING HEAT

  2. progesterone → AT BASAL LEVELS

Canine Estrous - Proestrus

• female attracts male but __

• __ vulva

• __ uterine discharge

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen

  2. progesterone

Canine Estrous - Estrus

• seeks male, FLAGS tail, STANDS for mating

• PINK-STRAW colored discharge

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → DROPS

  2. progesterone → (P4) RISES

     • 1.5 to 2.5 ng/ml → LH SURGE

     • 4 to 10 ng/ml → OVULATION (occurs 1-2 DAYS after LH surge)

Canine Estrous - Estrus

• seeks male, __ tail, __ for mating

• __ colored discharge

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → __

  2. progesterone → __

     • 1.5 to 2.5 ng/ml → __

     • 4 to 10 ng/ml → __ (occurs __ days after LH surge)

Canine Estrous - Diestrus

• WON’T STAND for mating

• LITTLE TO NO discharge

• 3 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → BASELINE

  2. progesterone → peaks @ 15 TO 80 ng/ml @ 15-30 DAYS then drops to < 2 ng/ml by end of DIESTRUS

  3. prolactin → causes MAMMARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT

Canine Estrous - Diestrus

• __ for mating

• __ discharge

• 3 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → __

  2. progesterone → peaks @ __ ng/ml @ __ then drops to < __ ng/ml by end of __

  3. prolactin → causes __

Canine Estrous - Anestrus

• duration → 3 - 5 MONTHS

• behavioral signs → NONE

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → FLUCTUATES

  2. progesterone → LOW

Canine Estrous - Anestrus

• duration → __

• behavioral signs → __

• 2 hormones involved

  1. estrogen → __

  2. progesterone → __

Bitch - Gestation Length

• from LH peak → 65 ± 1 DAY

• from breeding → 63 ± 8 DAYS (55 - 71)

Bitch - Gestation Length

• from LH peak → __ day

• from breeding → __ days

Normal Whelping

• stage 1 → PREPARATION

  • duration → 6 - 24 HOURS

  • INCREASED fetal cortisol

  • INCREASED placenta and uterine PGF2a

  • DECREASED P4 levels

  • cervical DILATION and uterine MYOMETRIAL CONTRACTIONS

  • NESTING/hiding, restless, shivering, increased HR/RR

• stage 2 → delivery of PUPPIES

  • UTERINE and ABDOMINAL contractions

  • ~30 min to 1 hour → ACTIVE STRAINING = puppy

  • ~15 min to 3 hours → BETWEEN PUPPIES

• stage 3 → delivery of PLACENTA

  • passed after PUPPY or after 2 TO 3 PUPS

  • count PLACENTA and don’t let the mom EAT them

Normal Whelping

• stage 1 → p__

  • duration → __

  • __ fetal cortisol

  • __ placenta and uterine PGF2a

  • __ P4 levels

  • cervical __ and uterine __ contractions

  • __/hiding, restless, shivering, increased __/RR

• stage 2 → delivery of __

  • __ and __ contractions

  • ~30 min to 1 hour

  • ~15 min to 3 hours

• stage 3 → delivery of __

  • passed after __ or after __

  • count __ and don’t let the mom __ them

Canine Dystocia

• stage 2 lasts > 30 MIN without puppy delivery

• > 2 HOURS between delivery of puppies

• mom shows signs of ILNESS or DISTRESS

• stage 1 or 2 never BEGINS

• prominent BLOOD-TINGED discharge

• GREEN-TINGED discharge without delivery

Canine Dystocia

• stage 2 lasts > __ without puppy delivery

• > __ between delivery of puppies

• mom shows signs of __ or __

• stage 1 or 2 never __

• prominent __ discharge

• __ discharge without delivery

Canine Puppy Resuscitation

• 4 things to check

  1. WARMTH

  2. AIRWAY

  3. BREATHING

  4. CIRCULATION

• break the AMNION

• suction NOSE and MOUTH with BULB SYRINGE

  • keep head and neck EXTENDED

• vigorously RUB dry

• monitor 4 things

  1. BREATHING

  2. VOCALIZING

  3. MOVING

  4. HEART BEATING

• provide OXYGEN

Canine Puppy Resuscitation

• 4 things to check

• break the __

• suction __ and __ with __

  • keep head and neck __

• vigorously __ dry

• monitor 4 things

• provide __

Canine Neonate Care

• > 50% of all deaths in puppies occur in the first 3 days

• fill in the chart

Canine Neonate Care

• >__% of all deaths in puppies occur in the first 3 days

• fill in the chart

Post Whelping Care

• once the puppies are stable (ABC) and active…

  • tie off the UMBILICUS

  • dip the umbilicus in IODINE

  • check for DEFECTS and nursing

  • ± collar

  • weigh (in GRAMS)

  • warm

• by 10 days, puppies should DOUBLE their birthweight

  • puppy birthweight = 300 g (0.66 lb)

• make sure mom is comfortable and puppies are VIGOROUS and nursing

  • puppies receive ~10% of their immunoglobulins transplacentally

  • kittens receive ~25% of their immunoglobulins transplacentally

Post Whelping Care

• once the puppies are stable (__) and active…

  • tie off the __

  • dip the umbilicus in __

  • check for __ and nursing

  • ± collar

  • weigh (in __)

  • warm

• by 10 days, puppies should __ their birthweight

  • puppy birthweight = __ g (__ lb)

• make sure mom is comfortable and puppies are __ and nursing

  • puppies receive ~__% of their immunoglobulins transplacentally

  • kittens receive ~__% of their immunoglobulins transplacentally

Canine Core Vaccines

• DA2LPP or DHLPP

  • puppy

    1. visit @ 6 - 8 WEEKS

    2. visit @ 10 - 12 WEEKS

    3. visit @ 14 - 16 WEEKS

    4. visit @ 20 WEEKS (canine parvovirus)

  • adult → booster in 1 YEAR, then every 3 YEARS

• rabies → STATE/LOCAL laws apply

  • puppy @ 3 - 4 MONTHS

  • adult → booster in 1 YEAR, then every 1 - 3 YEARS

Canine Core Vaccines

• DA2LPP or DHLPP

  • puppy

    1. visit @ __ weeks

    2. visit @ __ weeks

    3. visit @ __ weeks

    4. visit @ __ weeks (canine parvovirus)

  • adult → booster in __ yr then every __ yr

• rabies → __ laws apply

  • puppy @

  • adult → booster in __ yr then every __ yr

Canine Core Vaccine - Rabies

• pathogen → RABIES VIRUS

• transmission

  • through SALIVA (bites)

• clinical signs

  • ANXIOUS to VAGUE behavioral changes

  • difficulty SWALLOWING

  • sensitivity to LIGHT

  • paralysis

  • death

• treatment

• STATE/LOCAL laws apply

Canine Core Vaccine - Rabies

• pathogen → __

• transmission

  • through __ (bites)

• clinical signs

  • __ to __ behavioral changes

  • difficulty __

  • sensitivity to __

  • paralysis

  • death

• treatment

• __/__ laws apply

Canine Core Vaccine - DA2LPP or DHLPP

• Distemper virus → CANINE DISTEMPER

• Adenovirus 2 → INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS

• Adenovirus 1 → CANINE INFECTIOUS HEPATISIS

• Leptospirosis → SPIROCHETE (bacteria)

• Parainfluenza → INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS

• Parvovirus → CANINE PARVOVIRUS

Canine Core Vaccine - DA2LPP or DHLPP

• Distemper virus → __

• Adenovirus 2 → __

• Adenovirus 1 → __

• Leptospirosis → __ (bacteria)

• Parainfluenza → __

• Parvovirus → __

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

• pathogen → CONTAGIOUS PARAMYXOVIRUS

• transmission

  • primarily AEROSOLIZED droplets

  • DO NOT live well outside host

• pathogenesis

  • 1 day → MULTIPLIES IN MACROPHAGES and CARRIED TO LOCAL LYMPH NODES

  • few days → PROLIFERATES IN LYMPHOID ORGANS

  • 8 - 9 days → VIREMIA (epithelial cells of skin, eyes, respir, GI and UG tracts, CNS)

• clinical signs

  • viremia → FEVER (104˚F)

  • gastrointestinal → VOMITING, DIARRHEA, LETHARGY

  • respiratory and eye → NASAL/OCULAR DISCHARGE, PNEUMONIA

  • dermatologic → THICKENED FOOT PADS or NASAL PLANUM

  • neurologic → CIRCLING, HEAD TILT, PARESIS, PARALYSIS, FOCAL or GENERALIZED SEIZURES (chewing fits)

• diagnosis

  • fever and MULTISYSTEMIC disease

  • virus ISOLATION (ex. RT-PCR)

• treatment → symptomatic and supportive

• prognosis

  • asymptomatic or mild disease in OLDER dogs with GOOD immunity

  • severe disease in YOUNGER dogs (PUPPIES) or host with POOR immunity

  • cases with neurological signs yield a GUARDED or POOR prognosis

  • range of hosts distributed WORLDWIDE (domestic and wild canids, marine mammals, felids, procyonids and ursids, nonhuman primates)

• genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

• pathogen → __

• transmission

  • primarily __ droplets

  • __ live well outside host

• pathogenesis

  • 1 day → __

  • few days → __

  • 8 - 9 days → __ (epithelial cells of skin, eyes, respir, GI and UG tracts, CNS)

• clinical signs

  • viremia → __

  • gastrointestinal → __

  • respiratory and eye → __

  • dermatologic → __

  • neurologic → __

• diagnosis

  • fever and __ disease

  • virus __ (ex. RT-PCR)

• treatment → symptomatic and supportive

• prognosis

  • asymptomatic or mild disease in __ dogs with __ immunity

  • severe disease in __ dogs (__) or host with __ immunity

  • cases with neurological signs yield a __ or __ prognosis

  • range of hosts distributed __ (domestic and wild canids, marine mammals, felids, procyonids and ursids, nonhuman primates)

• genus __, family __

Canine Core Vaccine - Infectious Canine Hepatitis (Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1))

• pathogen → CANINE ADENOVIRUS 1 (dog, wolf, coyote, bear, pinnipeds)

• transmission

  • ORONASAL exposure in infected saliva, urine, or feces

  • CAN live well outside host or fomites for WEEKS to MONTHS

  • killed by BLEACH

• clinical signs

  • viremia → FEVER (104˚F)

  • non-specific signs of LETHARGY, THIRST, or ANOREXIA

  • eyes and nose → CONJUNCTIVITIS, RUNNY NOSE/EYES, BLUE EYES/CORNEAL EDEMA/OPACITY (may be the only clinical sign or appear after recovery)

  • GI → ABDOMINAL PAIN, VOMITING, DIARRHEA

  • coagulopathy or vasculitis → CLOTTING PROBLEMS, HEMORRPHAGE, DIC

  • liver → HEPATITIS (decreased clotting factors)

  • kidneys

  • central nervous system → INCOORDINATION, PARESIS, CENTRAL BLINDNESS, SEIZURES

• mortality → 10 - 30% (highest for YOUNG animals)

• diagnosis → FEVER, CUTE MULTISYSTEMIC DISEASE, BLEEDING TESTS (ELISA, Serology, and PCR)

• treatment → SUPPORTIVE

  • provide FLUID and NUTRITIONAL support

  • address coagulopathy (PLASMA or WHOLE BLOOD transfusions)

  • antibiotics to limit SECONDARY BACTERIAL INVASION

Canine Core Vaccine - Infectious Canine Hepatitis (Adenovirus 1 (CAV-1))

• pathogen → __ (dog, wolf, coyote, bear, pinnipeds)

• transmission

  • __ exposure in infected saliva, urine, or feces

  • __ live well outside host or fomites for __

  • killed by __

• clinical signs

  • viremia → __

  • non-specific signs of __, thirst, or __

  • eyes and nose → __ (may be the only clinical sign or appear after recovery)

  • GI → __

  • coagulopathy or vasculitis → __

  • liver → __ (decreased clotting factors)

  • kidneys

  • central nervous system → __

• mortality → __% (highest for __ animals)

• diagnosis → __

• treatment → __

  • provide __ and __ support

  • address coagulopathy (__ or __ transfusions)

  • antibiotics to limit __

Canine Core Vaccine - Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV-2))

• clinical signs

  • usually mild, self-limiting RESPIRATORY infection

  • pneuomonia

  • tracheobronchitis (ACUTE or CHRONIC inflammation of the TRACHEA and BRONCHIAL airways)

Canine Core Vaccine - Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV-2))

• clinical signs

  • usually mild, self-limiting __ infection

  • pneuomonia

  • tracheobronchitis (__ or __ inflammation of the __ and __ airways)

Canine Core Vaccine - Leptospirosis (DHLPP)

• pathogen → SPIROCHETE (leptospira)

• transmission → ORONASAL

  • direct contact with infected URINE

  • BITE wounds

  • ingested infected TISSUES
    indirect contact with infected WATER, SOIL, FOOD, or BEDDING

• clinical signs

  • after infection, the bacteria multiplies rapidly in the BLOODSTREAM and TISSUES

  • kidneys → ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

  • liver → HEPATIC INJURY and VASCULITIS

  • pancreatitis

  • gastroenteritis

  • eye → UVEITIS

  • PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE SYNDROME or LPHS

  • lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, increased thirst and urination, reluctance to move, respiratory difficulty

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • detect LEPTO in urine or infected tissue

  • detect a FOUR-FOLD RISE in antibody titer over a 1 to 2 week interval

• treatment → ANTIBIOTICS and SUPPORTIVE CARE

• prevention

  • KILLED or PURIFIED subunit vaccines starting @ 12 WEEKS

  • booster in 3 - 4 WEEKS, then repeated ANNUALLY

Canine Core Vaccine - Leptospirosis (DHLPP)

• pathogen → __ (leptospira)

• transmission

  • direct contact with infected __

  • __ wounds

  • ingested infected __
    indirect contact with infected __

• clinical signs

  • after infection, the bacteria multiplies rapidly in the __ and __

  • kidneys → __

  • liver → __

  • pancreatitis

  • gastroenteritis

  • eye → __ or LPHS

  • lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, increased thirst and urination, reluctance to move, respiratory difficulty

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • detect __ in urine or infected tissue

  • detect a __ in antibody titer over a 1 to 2 week interval

• treatment → __

• prevention

  • __ subunit vaccines starting @ __ weeks

  • booster in __ weeks, then repeated __

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

• clinical signs

  • preferentially infects and destroys RAPIDLY DIVIDING cells

  • small intestine epithelium → BLOODY DIARRHEA

  • LYMPHOPOIETIC tissue

  • bone marrow

  • heart → MYOCARDITIS

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • detect ANTIGEN in feces using ELISA, PCR, electron microscopy, or virus isolation

• treatment

  • ISOLATE (1 part bleach : 30 parts water, kills virus in the environment)

  • supportive care

    • restore FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, and PROTEIN BALANCE

  • prevent SECOND BACTERIAL infection

• mortality

  • survival rates can reach 90% with treatment

  • most deaths occur 2 - 3 DAYS following onset clinical signs

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

• clinical signs

  • preferentially infects and destroys __ cells

  • small intestine epithelium → __

  • __ tissue

  • bone marrow

  • heart → __

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • detect __ in feces using ELISA, PCR, electron microscopy, or virus isolation

• treatment

  • __ (1 part bleach : 30 parts water, kills virus in the environment)

  • supportive care

    • restore __

  • prevent __ infection

• mortality

  • survival rates can reach __% with treatment

  • most deaths occur __ days following onset clinical signs

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Parainfluenza (CPIV)

• pathogen → PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS

• transmission → CONTAGIOUS

• clinical signs

  • range from mild, SELF-LIMITING disease to fatal BRONCHOPNEUM in puppies to chronic BRONCHITIS in debilitated adult or old dogs

  • TRACHEOBRONCHITIS (kennel cough)

  • Bronchopneumonia

  • death

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

• treatment → symptomatic and supportive ISOLATION, COUGH SUPPRESSANT, ANTIBIOTICS (if secondary bacterial pneumonia)

Canine Core Vaccine - Canine Parainfluenza (CPIV)

• pathogen → __

• transmission → __

• clinical signs

  • range from mild, __ disease to fatal __ in puppies to chronic __ in debilitated adult or old dogs

  • __ (kennel cough)

  • Bronchopneumonia

  • death

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

• treatment → symptomatic and supportive __

Feline Terminology

• immature male or female → KITTEN

• mature female → QUEEN

• mature, intact male → TOM

• process of giving birth → QUEENING

Feline Terminology

• immature male or female → __

• mature female → __

• mature, intact male → __

• process of giving birth → __

Feline Core Vaccines

• FVRCP (series of immunizations every 3 WEEKS)

  • kitten

    1. @ 6 - 9 WEEKS

    2. @ 10 - 12 WEEKS

    3. @ 14 - 16 WEEKS

    4. @ 16 - 20 WEEKS

  • adult → booster every 1 YEAR

• rabies

  • kitten → @ 3 - 6 MONTHS

  • adult → booster in 1 YEAR, then every 3 YEARS

Feline Core Vaccines

• FVRCP (series of immunizations every __ weeks)

  • kitten

    1. @ __ weeks

    2. @ __ weeks

    3. @ __ weeks

    4. @ __ weeks

  • adult → booster every __ yr

• rabies

  • kitten → @ __ months

  • adult → booster in __ yr, then every __ yr

Feline Core Vaccine - FVR-C-P

• Feline Herpesvirus I (Viral Rhinotracheitis)

• Feline Calicivirus

• Feline Panleukopenia Virus

• ± Feline Leukemia Virus (for KITTENS < 1 YEAR)

Feline Core Vaccine - FVR-C-P

• Feline Herpesvirus I (Viral Rhinotracheitis)

• Feline Calicivirus

• Feline Panleukopenia Virus

• ± Feline Leukemia Virus (for __ < __ yr)

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Herpesvirus I (FHV-1) or Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

• etiology → FHV-1 or FVR (feline rhinotracheitis virus)

• transmission

  • viral contamination of MUCOUS MEMBRANES (eyes, mouth) or INHALES

  • virus survives on fomites as long as they stay MOIST (ex. water bowl, cat toy), otherwise drying up and dying within a few hours

• incubation period → 2 - 6 DAYS

• clinical signs

  • fever and anorexia, oculonasal discharge, sneezing ± salivation, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, INFLAMED/CLOUDY cornea

  • illness usually lasts 10 - 14 DAYS

  • may cause ABORTION or fetal resorption

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • cytology, PCR, immunofluorescence, or virus isolation

• treatment

  • supportive care (treat as an OUT-patient)

  • keep eyes and nose clean / HUMIDIFY air

  • maintain HYDRATION

  • OPHTHALMIC medications

  • ANTIVIRALS (topical or oral)

• mortality

  • usually LOW

  • infection is LIFELONG

    • cats may become ill and recover, but they will be CARRIERS for life, experiencing RECURRENT OUTBREAKS when stressed and shed

    • infection can be LATENT (hidden, inactive, dormant)

• it is often impossible to differentiate between FCV and FHV-1 and infection might be concurrent

  • FHV-1 tends to affect the CONJUNCTIVAE AND NASAL PASSAGES

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Herpesvirus I (FHV-1) or Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)

• etiology → __ (feline rhinotracheitis virus)

• transmission

  • viral contamination of __ (eyes, mouth) or __

  • virus survives on fomites as long as they stay __ (ex. water bowl, cat toy), otherwise drying up and dying within a few hours

• incubation period → __ days

• clinical signs

  • fever and anorexia, oculonasal discharge, sneezing ± salivation, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, __ cornea

  • illness usually lasts __ days

  • may cause __ or fetal resorption

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • cytology, PCR, immunofluorescence, or virus isolation

• treatment

  • supportive care (treat as an __-patient)

  • keep eyes and nose clean / __ air

  • maintain __

  • __ medications

  • __ (topical or oral)

• mortality

  • usually __

  • infection is __

    • cats may become ill and recover, but they will be CARRIERS for life, experiencing __ when stressed and shed

    • infection can be __ (hidden, inactive, dormant)

• it is often impossible to differentiate between FCV and FHV-1 and infection might be concurrent

  • FHV-1 tends to affect the __

Feline Core Vaccine - Calicivirus (FCV)

• etiology → FELINE CALCIVIRUS

• transmission

  • direct, indirect, or in utero

  • HARDY in environment

• incubation period → 2 - 6 DAYS before clinical signs

• clinical signs

  • lethargy, fever, anorexia

  • OCULONASAL discharge

  • ORAL MUCOSAL ULCERS (difficulty eating)

    • up to 70% of infected cats

  • sneezing, dyspnea

  • pneumonia

  • POLYARTHRITIS → limping kitty syndrome (8 - 12 WEEKS of age)

    • usually resolves without treatment

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • PCR, virus isolation, paired serology / rising titer

• treatment

  • supportive care

  • keep eyes and nose clean / HUMIDIFY air

  • maintain HYDRATION

  • antibiotics (SYSTEMIC and OPHTHALMIC)

• carrier state

  • 50% of infected cats following apparent recovery

  • continue to shed viral particles intermittently or constantly

  • may last for MONTHS or FOR LIFE

  • queens can pass virus to newborn kittens

• it is often impossible to differentiate between FCV and FHV-1 and infection might be concurrent

  • FCV tends to affect the ORAL MUCOSA and LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Feline Core Vaccine - Calicivirus (FCV)

• etiology → __

• transmission

  • direct, indirect, or in utero

  • __ in environment

• incubation period → __ days before clinical signs

• clinical signs

  • lethargy, fever, anorexia

  • __ discharge

  • __ (difficulty eating)

    • up to __% of infected cats

  • sneezing, dyspnea

  • pneumonia

  • __ → limping kitty syndrome (__ weeks of age)

    • usually resolves without treatment

• diagnosis

  • clinical signs

  • PCR, virus isolation, paired serology / rising titer

• treatment

  • supportive care

  • keep eyes and nose clean / __ air

  • maintain __

  • antibiotics (__)

• carrier state

  • __% of infected cats following apparent recovery

  • continue to shed viral particles intermittently or constantly

  • may last for __ or FOR LIFE

  • queens can pass virus to newborn kittens

• it is often impossible to differentiate between FCV and FHV-1 and infection might be concurrent

  • FCV tends to affect the __

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Panleukopenia (FPV)

• entiology → FELINE PARVOVIRUS

  • domestic and big cats, raccoons, ferrets (not candids)

• transmission

  • contact with infected CATS, FECES, SECRETIONS, or FOMITES

  • pathogens can live up to 1 YEAR in environment

• incubation period → 3 - 5 DAYS

• clinical signs

  • infects and destroys RAPIDLY DIVIDING cells

  • surpressed IMMUNE SYSTEM (fever 104˚F - 107˚F)

    • small intestines → VOMITING, HEMORRHAGIC DIARRHEA

    • bone marrow → PANLEUKOPENIA

    • lymphoid tissue

  • infection of pregnant queen → RESORPTION, STILLBORN, or ABORTION

  • cerebellum → ATAXIA and TREMORS with NORMAL mentation

  • retina → BLINDNESS

  • sudden death of KITTEN

• diagnostics

  • clinical signs

  • kitten with FEVER, VOMIT, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and LEUKOPENIA

  • detect FPV in FECES

  • paired serology → RISING ANTIBODY TITER

• treatment

  • ISOLATE (even recovered cats shed for another 6 WEEKS)

  • SUPPORTIVE CARE → restore fluid and electrolytes

  • prevent SECONDARY BACTERIAL INFECTION

  • antiemetic

• prevention

  • most adult cats develop immunity, so they don’t become sick or they experience a self-limiting illness (5 - 7 DAYS)

• mortality → highest in YOUNG KITTENS (< 5 MONTHS OLD)

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Panleukopenia (FPV)

• entiology → __

  • domestic and big cats, raccoons, ferrets (not candids)

• transmission

  • contact with infected __

  • pathogens can live up to __ yr in environment

• incubation period → __ days

• clinical signs

  • infects and destroys __ cells

  • surpressed __ (fever __˚F - __˚F)

    • small intestines → __

    • bone marrow → __

    • lymphoid tissue

  • infection of pregnant queen → __

  • cerebellum → __ with __ mentation

  • retina → __

  • sudden death of __

• diagnostics

  • clinical signs

  • kitten with __

  • detect FPV in __

  • paired serology → __

• treatment

  • __ (even recovered cats shed for another __ weeks)

  • __ → restore fluid and electrolytes

  • prevent __

  • antiemetic

• prevention

  • most adult cats develop immunity, so they don’t become sick or they experience a self-limiting illness (__ days)

• mortality → highest in __ (< __ months old)

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

• etiology → RETROVIRUS (CAT-specific)

• transmission

  • BITES → infected blood, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid

  • IN UTERO → pregnant queens to kittens and through milk when nursing

  • pathogen WON’T survive in the environment

• clinical signs

  • FIV attacks WHITE BLOOD COUNT (immunosuppression) eventually

  • most infected cats mount an immune response to FIV, leading to decreased VIRUS REPLICATION, but not ELIMINATION of infection

  • cats often remain ASYMPTOMATIC for many years

  • clinical signs usually develop due to SECONDARY INFECTIONS and CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

    • INFLAMMATORY disease (ex, ocular, oral, etc)

    • anemia

    • diarrhea

    • pneumonia

    • skin diseases

    • neurological diseases

    • neoplasia

• diagnostics

  • no test is 100% accurate under all conditions

    • positives should be confirmed by another test method

  • detect ANTIBODIES in blood for routine screening

    • testing is confused by VACCINES AGAINST FIV and CONSUMPTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN COLOSTRUM

    • wait to test kittens until 6 MONTHS OF AGE

  • ELISA → identifies antibodies in blood

    • if negative → re-test in 60 DAYS

    • if positive → test by IFA to identify antigen within infected WBC’s and platelets or test by PCR

• treatment

  • DO NOT euthanize

  • nothing specific, infected for LIFE

  • treat SECONDARY ILLNESSES

• control

  • infected cats should be SPAYED/NEUTERED and kept INDOORS to minimize the risk of infecting other cats and decrease exposure to possible infectious agents

• vaccination

  • commercially available

  • contains inactivated whole body virus ISOLATES from clades A and D, with INFECTED cells and an ADJUVANT

  • one independent study showed vaccine WASN’T able to to protect cats when they were challenged by a SUBTYPE A field strain from the UNITED KINGDOM

  • current testing methods can’t reliably distinguish NATURALLY INFECTED cats from VACCINATED cats

  • NON-CORE but perhaps recommended for cats at HIGH-RISK of exposure (outdoor or cats living with infected)

    • TEST and MICROCHIP or COLLAR before vx

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

• etiology → __ (__-specific)

• transmission

  • __ → infected blood, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid

  • __ → pregnant queens to kittens and through milk when nursing

  • pathogen __ survive in the environment

• clinical signs

  • FIV attacks __ (immunosuppression) eventually

  • most infected cats mount an immune response to FIV, leading to decreased __, but not __ of infection

  • cats often remain __ for many years

  • clinical signs usually develop due to __

    • __ disease (ex, ocular, oral, etc)

    • anemia

    • diarrhea

    • pneumonia

    • skin diseases

    • neurological diseases

    • neoplasia

• diagnostics

  • no test is 100% accurate under all conditions

    • positives should be confirmed by another test method

  • detect __ in blood for routine screening

    • testing is confused by __

    • wait to test kittens until __ months of age

  • __ → identifies antibodies in blood

    • if negative → re-test in __ days

    • if positive → test by __ to identify antigen within infected WBC’s and platelets or test by __

• treatment

  • __ euthanize

  • nothing specific, infected for __

  • treat __

• control

  • infected cats should be __ and kept __ to minimize the risk of infecting other cats and decrease exposure to possible infectious agents

• vaccination

  • commercially available

  • contains inactivated whole body virus __ from clades __, with __ cells and an __

  • one independent study showed vaccine __ able to to protect cats when they were challenged by a __ field strain from the __

  • current testing methods can’t reliably distinguish __ cats from __ cats

  • __ but perhaps recommended for cats at __ of exposure (outdoor or cats living with infected)

    • __ before vx

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

• etiology → RETROVIRUS

• transmission

  • in → SALIVA, FECES, MILK, URINE, BLOOD

  • spread by → BITING, MUTUAL GROOMING, LICKING, SHARING DISHES, TRANSFUSING, NURSING, and/or PREGNANCY

  • pathogen survival rate → LOW (only hours) IN THE ENVIRONMENT

    • CLOSE, CAT-TO-CAT contact is required to transmit the disease

• prognosis

  • most susceptible at < 6 MONTHS OF AGE (young cats)

    • IMMUNE SYSTEM is not fully mature

  • resistant WITH AGE (adults develop)

    • virus exposure sufficient to infect 100% of young kittens will infect < 30% of adults

• pathogenesis

  • following exposure, about 30% of adult cats show MILD symptoms (fever and lethargy), but mount an immune system response and ELIMINATE the virus

  • if immune system of cat is INSUFFICIENT to control virus, cat will become PERMANENTLY infected and enter an ASYMPTOMATIC state that can last months to years.

• 3 associated diseases

  1. NEOPLASIA (like lymphoma or leukemia)

  2. DEGENERATIVE DISEASES (such as anemia, liver disease, intestinal disease, and reproductive problems)

  3. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY (increased susceptibility to infectious agents, chronic respiratory infections, chronic gingivitis, and stomatitis, poor healing of wounds, abscesses, and other infections)

• clinical signs

  • loss of APPETITE (fever)

  • progressive WEIGHT loss (poor coat)

  • enlarged LYMPH NODES (diarrhea)

  • PALE gums and other mucus membranes

  • INFLAMMATION of the skin, urinary bladder, and upper respiratory tract

  • seizures, behavior changes, and other neurological disorders

  • a variety of EYE conditions

  • ABORTION of kittens or other reproductive failures

• incidence

  • 2 - 3% of cats in the US are infected

  • rates RISE significantly (13% or more)

• diagnostics

  • screening relies on detecting the CORE VIRAL ANTIGEN p27 circulating in the blood, which is produced abundantly in most infected cats

    • ELISA → (ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY) in-clinic test

    • IFA → (INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY ASSAY) sent to a laboratory

    • PCR and Virus Isolation

  • sick cats should be tests even if THEY HAVE TESTED NEGATIVE IN THE PAST

  • cats and kittens should be tested when they are FIRST ACQUIRED

  • cats with known exposure to a retrovirus-infected cat or to a cat with unknown status, particularly via a bite wound, should be tested IMMEDIATELY and again in 30 DAYS

• treatment

  • nothing specific

  • treatment for secondary illnesses

  • although many cats die within 3 - 4 YEARS of diagnosis, others remain CLINICALLY HEALTH for many years

• control

  • FeLV-positive cats should be evaluated by a vet TWICE PER YEAR (PE, CBC, Chem, UA)

• vaccination

  • several vaccines for FeLV are available, including WHOLE INACTIVATED VIRUS, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED SUBUNIT or RECOMBINANT CANARYPOX VECTOR VACCINES

  • efficacy of commercially available vaccines is DIFFICULT TO ACCESS

    • most published efficacy trials were conducted by the Vx manufacturer, and most studies do not evaluate more than one vaccine

  • recommended for ALL KITTENS (cats < 1 YR) due to increased susceptibility to the virus and permanent nature of infection

  • NON-CORE for cats after their 1 year booster unless they are AT RISK (outdoor cats, cats living with FeLV-infected cats, multicat environments where FeLV status of all cats is unknown)

Feline Core Vaccine - Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

• etiology

• transmission

  • in

  • spread by

  • pathogen survival rate

    • __ contact is required to transmit the disease

• prognosis

  • most susceptible at < __ months of age

    • __ is not fully mature

  • resistant __

    • virus exposure sufficient to infect 100% of young kittens will infect < __% of adults

• pathogenesis

  • ollowing exposure, about __% of adult cats show __ symptoms (fever and lethargy), but mount an immune system response and __ the virus

  • if immune system of cat is __ to control virus, cat will become __ infected and enter an __ state that can last months to years.

• 3 associated diseases

  1. __ (like lymphoma or leukemia)

  2. __ (such as anemia, liver disease, intestinal disease, and reproductive problems)

  3. __ (increased susceptibility to infectious agents, chronic respiratory infections, chronic gingivitis, and stomatitis, poor healing of wounds, abscesses, and other infections)

• clinical signs

  • loss of __ (fever)

  • progressive __ loss (poor coat)

  • enlarged __ (diarrhea)

  • __ gums and other mucus membranes

  • __ of the skin, urinary bladder, and upper respiratory tract

  • seizures, behavior changes, and other neurological disorders

  • a variety of __ conditions

  • __ of kittens or other reproductive failures

• incidence

  • __% of cats in the US are infected

  • rates __ significantly (__% or more)

• diagnostics

  • screening relies on detecting the __ circulating in the blood, which is produced abundantly in most infected cats

    • ELISA → (__) in-clinic test

    • IFA → (__) sent to a laboratory

    • PCR and Virus Isolation

  • sick cats should be tests even if __

  • cats and kittens should be tested when they are __

  • cats with known exposure to a retrovirus-infected cat or to a cat with unknown status, particularly via a bite wound, should be tested __ and again in __ days

• treatment

  • nothing specific

  • treatment for secondary illnesses

  • although many cats die within __ yr of diagnosis, others remain __ for many years

• control

  • FeLV-positive cats should be evaluated by a vet __ (PE, CBC, Chem, UA)

• vaccination

  • several vaccines for FeLV are available, including __

  • efficacy of commercially available vaccines is __

    • most published efficacy trials were conducted by the Vx manufacturer, and most studies do not evaluate more than one vaccine

  • recommended for __ (cats < __ yr) due to increased susceptibility to the virus and permanent nature of infection

  • __ for cats after their 1 year booster unless they are __ (outdoor cats, cats living with FeLV-infected cats, multicat environments where FeLV status of all cats is unknown)

Beef Production Terminology

• cattle > 1 year of age → BEEF

• calves < 3 months of age → VEAL

Beef Production Terminology

• cattle > 1 year of age →

• calves < 3 months of age →

World Cattle Numbers & Beef Production, 2025F

• top cattle inventory and beef producers

  1. India → 307 MILLION total cattle and 4.9 METRIC TONS beef

  2. Brazil → 234 MILLION total cattle and 11.9 METRIC TONS beef

  3. China → 108 MILLION total cattle and 7.8 METRIC TONS beef

  4. USA → 87 MILLION total cattle and 12.3 METRIC TONS beef

     • ~9.5% of world’s cattle

     • produce ~20% of world’s beef and veal

  5. EU → 74 MILLION total cattle and 6.6 METRIC TONS beef

  6. Argentina → 54 MILLION total cattle and 3.2 METRIC TONS beef

US Cash Receipts by Commodity, 2025F

• total animals & animal products → $275 BILLION

• beef: cattle and calves → $108 BILLION

Beef Industry in USA

• 2024 → 58 LBS of beef consumed per person

• 2025

  • total cattle inventory

  • beef cows

World Cattle Numbers & Beef Production, 2025F

• top cattle inventory and beef producers

  1. India → __ mil total cattle and __ metric tons beef

  2. Brazil → __ mil

  3. China → __ mil total cattle and __ metric tons beef

  4. USA → __ mil total cattle and __ metric tons beef

     • ~__% of world’s cattle

     • produce ~__% of world’s beef and veal

  5. EU → __ mil total cattle and __ metric tons beef

  6. Argentina → __ mil total cattle and __ metric tons beef

US Cash Receipts by Commodity, 2025F

• total animals & animal products → $__ billion

• beef: cattle and calves → $__ billion

Beef Industry in USA

• 2024 → __ lbs of beef consumed per person

• 2025

  • total cattle inventory

  • beef cows

Beef Industry Trends

• changes are based on 5 aspects

  1. DEMAND (domestic and exports)

  2. BEEF prices

  3. cost of PRODUCTION (feed)

  4. WEATHER (drought vs flood)

  5. LAND prices

Beef Industry Trends

• changes are based on 5 aspects

  1. __ (domestic and exports)

  2. b__ prices

  3. cost of __ (feed)

  4. __ (drought vs flood)

  5. l__ prices

Cattle Feeding Areas

• southern and central region of the GREAT PLAINS

• top cattle states (list ≥ 5)

  1. TEXAS

  2. NEBRASKA

  3. KANSAS

  4. CALIFORNIA

  5. OKLAHOMA

  6. MONTANA

  7. IOWA

  8. SOUTH DAKOTA

  9. WISCONSIN

Cattle Feeding Areas

• southern and central region of the __

• top cattle states (list ≥ 5)

Segmented Beef Cattle Industry

1. cow-calf operation

   • HEIFER BREEDING → CALVING/NURSING → COW RE-BREEDING → WEANING

   • goal → birth 6 - 10 MONTHS @ 400 - 750 LBS

   • weanlings light → sell → STOCKER

   • weanlings heavy → sell → FINISHING

   • weanlings undesirable → retain ownership → SLAUGHTER

2. stocker/yearling operation

   • goal → wean to 600 - 900 LBS @ 12 - 16 MONTHS

3. finishing/feedlot

   • CAFO → CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION

   • goal → grow to 900 - 1450 LBS @ 18 - 24 MONTHS

4. processing/slaughter

   • industrial or small-scale

5. market/retail

   • wholesale, grocery, restaurant

Segmented Beef Cattle Industry

1. cow-calf operation

   • heifer-__ → c__/n__ → cow-__ → w__

   • goal → birth __ mo @ __ lbs

   • weanlings light → sell → __

   • weanlings heavy → sell → __

   • weanlings undesirable → retain ownership → __

2. stocker/yearling operation

   • goal → wean to __ lbs @ __ mo

3. finishing/feedlot

   • CAFO → __

   • goal → grow to __ lbs @ __ mo

4. processing/slaughter

   • industrial or small-scale

5. market/retail

   • wholesale, grocery, restaurant

US Beef Cow Farms

• 2025 trends

  • number of small farm operations → 80%

  • herd size between 1 - 49 heads (28%) or 100 - 500 heads (38%)

• a cow’s role on a beef farm

  • CONCEIVE EARLY → at beginning of season (first 40 days)

  • DELIVER → at least one live calf each year

  • RE-BREED ON SCHEDULE → 40 - 90 days after calving

  • wean a BIG calf

  • yield a POSITIVE RETURN on investment

US Beef Cow Farms

• 2025 trends

  • number of small farm operations → __%

  • herd size between 1 - 49 heads (__%) or 100 - 500 heads (__%)

• a cow’s role on a beef farm

  • __ → at beginning of season (first 40 days)

  • __ → at least one live calf each year

  • __ → 40 - 90 days after calving

  • wean a __ calf

  • yield a __ on investment

Beef Production - Breeding

• estrous cycle → NONSEASONALLY POLYESTROUS

  • 18 - 24 DAY cycle (avg 21 days)

  • PE - E - ME - DE

• NATURAL SERVICE (bull-bred) → fertile and healthy bull at right stocking density

  • young bull → 20 - 25 cows

  • mature bull → 25 - 40 cows

  • range → 4 bulls : 100 cows

  • exposure time ≤ 60 DAYS

• ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION → heat detect or synchronize estrus and/or ovulation

  • 4 advantages

    1. GENETIC IMPROVEMENT

    2. MAXIMIZE USE OF BULL

    3. SAFER WITHOUT BULL

    4. LIMIT SPREAD OF DISEASES

  • 5 disadvantages

    1. COSTLY

    2. TRAINED-LABOR

    3. TIME-CONSUMING

    4. SPECIAL HANDLING FACILITIES

    5. EQUIPMENT

Beef Production - Breeding

• estrous cycle → __

  • __ d cycle (avg 21 days)

  • PE - E - ME - DE

• __ (bull-bred) → fertile and healthy bull at right stocking density

  • young bull → __ cows

  • mature bull → __ cows

  • range → __ bulls : __ cows

  • exposure time ≤ __ d

• __ → heat detect or synchronize estrus and/or ovulation

  • 4 advantages

  • 5 disadvantages

Beef Production - Cow-Calf Cycle

• 1st breeding → MAY to JUN

• caving/nursing → FEB to MAY

• weaning → OCT to NOV

• breeding heifers

  • SIZE → at 65% of projected adult weight and height

    • breed-DEPENDENT, but usually 700 - 850 LBS

  • AGE → by 15 months for first-time calving @ 2 YEARS

  • DATE → early in the season so they calve 20 - 30 days before cows

    • allows more time for 1st calf heifers to return to estrous cyclicity post-calving

• check for pregnancy 40 - 90 DAYS after removal of bull by PALPATION PER RECTUM or ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION PER RECTUM

Beef Production - Cow-Calf Cycle

• 1st breeding → __

• caving/nursing → __

• weaning → __

• breeding heifers

  • __ → at 65% of projected adult weight and height

    • breed-__, but usually __ lbs

  • __ → by 15 months for first-time calving @ __ yr

  • __ → early in the season so they calve 20 - 30 days before cows

    • allows more time for 1st calf heifers to return to estrous cyclicity post-calving

• check for pregnancy __ d after removal of bull by __

Beef Production - Calving Goals

• calving season → 40 - 90 DAYS in the SPRING (Mar to Jun) or FALL (Sept to Oct)

• CLEAN, SAFE environment

• FREQUENT observation

• provide ASSISTANCE to heifers when needed

• SAVE calves

  • mortality rate → < 30%

• keep RECORDS

Beef Production - Calving Goals

• calving season → __ days in the __ (Mar to Jun) or __ (Sept to Oct)

• __ environment

• __ observation

• provide __ to heifers when needed

• __ calves

  • mortality rate → < __%

• keep __

Beef Production - Calf Processing

1. EAR tag

2. determine SEX

3. disBUD (before ~8 weeks when horn attaches to skull) and deHORN (the YOUNGER, the better; avoid using POLLED genetics)

   • NERVE block (lidocaine ± sedation; NSAID) before operating

   • < 2 weeks → SHAVE hair and apply CAUSTIC PASTE

   • < 8 weeks → TUBE dehorner or HEAT dehorner

   • < 6 months → BARNES dehorner

   • young adult → GIGLI wire

4. tattoo

5. BRAND → letters 4 inches tall, 3/8 to 1 inch wide

   • use a HOT IRON or FREEZE BRAND

6. CASTRATE → bull to steer

   • ideally < 2 MONTHS old

   • SHAGGY → > 8 months

   • use ELASTRATOR BAND or BURDIZZO or EMASCULOTOME

Beef Production - Calf Processing

1. __ tag

2. determine __

3. dis-__ (before ~8 weeks when horn attaches to skull) and de-__ (the __, the better; avoid using __ genetics)

   • __ block (lidocaine ± sedation; NSAID) before operating

   • < 2 weeks → __ hair and apply __

   • < 8 weeks → __ dehorner or __ dehorner

   • < 6 months → __ dehorner

   • young adult → __ wire

4. tattoo

5. __ → letters 4 inches tall, 3/8 to 1 inch wide

   • use __

6. __ → bull to steer

   • ideally < __ mo old

   • __ → > 8 months

   • use __

Beef Production - Weaning

• @ 6 - 10 MONTHS

• although calves are born over range of 40 - 60 DAYS, most calves in the herd will be weaned at THE SAME time

• 500 LBS → ideal weaning weight (400 - 580 LBS)

• 7 factors affecting weaning weights

  1. calving date (COW’S FERTILITY)

  2. available FORAGE

  3. creep FEED

  4. disease or illness

  5. GENETIC selection

  6. CROSSBREEDING → 10% - 30% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow bred

  7. GROWTH STIMULANTS → Zeranol (synthetic estrogen), Synovex C (progesterone and testosterone), Compudose (estradiol)

Beef Production - Weaning

• @ __ mo

• although calves are born over range of __ days, most calves in the herd will be weaned at __ time

• __ lbs → ideal weaning weight (__ lbs)

• 7 factors affecting weaning weights

  1. calving date (__)

  2. available __

  3. creep __

  4. disease or illness

  5. __ selection

  6. __ → 10% - 30% increase in pounds of calf weaned per cow bred

  7. __ → Zeranol (synthetic estrogen), Synovex C (progesterone and testosterone), Compudose (estradiol)

Beef Production - Growth Stimulants

• work with an animal’s ENDOCRINE system to partition NUTRIENTS to support more MUSCLE growth for INCREASED WEIGHT GAIN, IMPROVED FEED EFFICIENCY, and a LEANER CARCASS

• NATURAL hormones → estradiol, progesterone, testosterone

• SYNTHETIC hormones → zeranol, trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate

  • RALGRO (zeranol) → stimulates the PITUITARY GLAND of the animal to produce increased amounts of SOMATOTROPIN, the animal’s own natural growth-promoting agent

Beef Production - Growth Stimulants

• work with an animal’s __ system to partition __ to support more __ growth for __

• __ hormones → estradiol, progesterone, testosterone

• __ hormones → zeranol, trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate

  • __ (zeranol) → stimulates the __ of the animal to produce increased amounts of __, the animal’s own natural growth-promoting agent

Beef Production - Implants

• why use implants

  • GROWTH promotants

    • improves GROWTH rate

    • improves FEED efficiency

    • generate LEANER carcass

    • make ECONOMIC SENSE to producers (10 : 1 return)

  • if the beef production practices from 1955 were used together, more than 165 MILLION ACRES of land would be needed to sustain today’s beef production

• who uses implants

  • 9% - 30% → COW/CALF PRODUCERS

  • 34% - 90% → feedlots with < 1000 HEAD use at least once during the finishing phase

  • 78% - 99% → feedlots with > 1000 HEAD use at least once during the finishing phase

• who doesn’t use implants

  • USDA → ORGANIC meat comes from cattle that ARE NOT given any antibiotics or growth hormones

    • organic food is produced WITHOUT USING most conventional PESTICIDES (fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge), BIOENGINEERING, or IONIZING RADIATION

    • before a product can be labeled “organic,” a GOVERNMENT-APPROVED CERTIFIER inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farm is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards.

Beef Production - Implants

• why use implants

  • __ promotants

    • improves __ rate

    • improves __ efficiency

    • generate __ carcass

    • make __ to producers (__ : __ return)

  • if the beef production practices from 1955 were used together, more than __ mil acres of land would be needed to sustain today’s beef production

• who uses implants

  • 9% - 30% → __

  • 34% - 90% → feedlots with < __ head use at least once during the finishing phase

  • 78% - 99% → feedlots with > __ head use at least once during the finishing phase

• who doesn’t use implants

  • USDA → __ meat comes from cattle that __ given any antibiotics or growth hormones

    • organic food is produced __ most conventional __

    • before a product can be labeled “organic,” a __ inspects the farm where the food is grown to make sure the farm is following all the rules necessary to meet USDA organic standards.

Rabbit Terminology

• male → BUCK

• female → DOE

  • < 6 months of age → JUNIOR

  • > 6 months of age → SENIOR

  • 6 - 8 months of age → INTERMEDIATE or 6/8 (most common for larger breeds)

• baby → KIT

• birthing → KINDLING

Rabbit Terminology

• male → __

• female → __

  • < 6 months of age → __

  • > 6 months of age → __

  • 6 - 8 months of age → __ or 6/8 (most common for larger breeds)

• baby → __

• birthing → __

Rabbit Production - Market

• pets

  • ~2.2 MILLION in 1.5 MILLION households

• show/youth programs (4-H and FFA)

• meat

  • LOW-fat, LOW-calorie, LOW-cholesterol, HIGH-protein, RED meat

  • more common in countries like ITALY, SPAIN, and FRANCE

  • processed as “FRYERS” at live weight of 3 - 6 lbs @ 8 - 12 weeks of age

  • retail dressed rabbits/carcass weight from $6.59 PER POUND to $18 PER POUND

• lab animals

  • 300,000 PER YEAR

• wool

  • ANGORA breed

  • 8 - 10 INCHES or 12 - 16 OUNCES PER YEAR

• skin

  • fur or glue

☆ the exact number of rabbits in various US industries is unknown

Rabbit Production - Market

• pets

  • ~__ mil in __ mil households

• show/youth programs (__)

• meat

  • __-fat, __-calorie, __-cholesterol, __-protein, __ meat

  • more common in countries like __

  • processed as “__” at live weight of 3 - 6 lbs @ 8 - 12 weeks of age

  • retail dressed rabbits/carcass weight from $__/lb to $__/lb

• lab animals

  • __ thousand per year

• wool

  • __ breed

  • __ in or __ oz/yr

• skin

  • fur or glue

☆ the exact number of rabbits in various US industries is unknown

Rabbit Production - Breeds

• angora

  • size → MEDIUM

  • mature weight → 9 - 12 LBS

  • use → WOOL, MEAT

• californians

  • size → MEDIUM

  • mature weight → 9 - 12 LBS

  • use → MEAT

• new zealand white

  • size → MEDIUM

  • mature weight → 9 - 12 LBS

  • use → MEAT

• dutch

  • size → SMALL

  • mature weight → 3 - 6 LBS

  • use → LAB

• flemish giants

  • size → LARGE

  • mature weight → 14 - 16 LBS

  • use → MEAT

Rabbit Production - Breeds

• angora

  • size → __

  • mature weight → __ lb

  • use → __

• californians

  • size → __

  • mature weight → __ lb

  • use → __

• new zealand white

  • size → __

  • mature weight → __ lb

  • use → __

• dutch

  • size → __

  • mature weight → __ lb

  • use → __

• flemish giants

  • size → __

  • mature weight → __ lb

  • use → __

Rabbit Production - Housing

• lighting → 12 HOURS light and 12 HOURS dark for YEAR-ROUND breeding

• ventilation

• temperature control → rabbits are TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE (50 - 70˚F)

• HUTCHES / CAGES → many types; wire mesh; hangings

• manure management → frequent CLEANING, COMPOSTING, AND RAISING WORMS

Rabbit Production - Housing

• lighting → __ hr light and __ hr dark for __ breeding

• ventilation

• temperature control → rabbits are __ (50 - 70˚F)

• __ → many types; wire mesh; hangings

• manure management → frequent __

Rabbit Breeding

• puberty

  • females EARLIER than males

  • light-weight breeds → 4 - 5 MONTHS

  • medium-weight breeds → 5 - 8 MONTHS

  • large-weight breeds → 8 - 10 MONTHS

  • NO WELL-DEFINED estrous cycle

  • waves of FOLLICLES grow over 7 - 10 days with eventual SEXUAL RECEPTIVITY

  • INDUCED ovulator (not SPONTANEOUS ovulators)

    • ovulate ~10-12 hours AFTER breeding

  • breeding ratio → 1 buck : 10 does

    • move DOES to BUCK for breeding

• gestation → 30 - 31 DAYS (range of 28 - 35 DAYS )

• pregnancy evaluation → ABDOMINAL palpation @ 12 - 14 DAYS

• production

  • does may be re-bred WHILE nursing a litter if they are in good condition (or wait until WEANING to breed)

  • 4 litters/year → if does are bred 8 weeks post-kindling

  • 5 litters/year → if does are bred 6 weeks post-kindling

• breeding does in COMMERICAL rabbitries are productive for 2.5 - 3 YEARS

Rabbit Breeding

• puberty

  • females __ than males

  • light-weight breeds → __ mo

  • medium-weight breeds → __ mo

  • large-weight breeds → __ mo

  • __ estrous cycle

  • waves of __ grow over 7 - 10 days with eventual __

  • __ ovulator (not __ ovulators)

    • ovulate ~10-12 hours __ breeding

  • breeding ratio → __ buck[s] : __ doe[s]

    • move __ for breeding

• gestation → __ d (range of __ d)

• pregnancy evaluation → __ palpation @ __ d

• production

  • does may be re-bred __ nursing a litter if they are in good condition (or wait until __ to breed)

  • __ litters/year → if does are bred 8 weeks post-kindling

  • __ litters/year → if does are bred 6 weeks post-kindling

• breeding does in __ rabbitries are productive for __ yr

Rabbit Production - Kindling

• provide a NESTING box with bedding 27 - 28 DAYS after breeding

  • does will PULL OUT THEIR OWN FUR to create a nest

• examine the litter within 24 HOURS of kindling to make sure kits are alive

  • remove UNDERSIZED kits

• monitor for HYPOTHERMIA or STARVATION due to low milk production

• don’t STRESS the doe

  • CANNIBALISM is rare, but possible

• average litter size → 8 - 10 kits

• post-kindling

  • 7 - 10 days → OPEN EYES

  • 19 - 20 days → START TO EAT SOLID FOOD

  • 5 - 10 weeks → WEAN (based on BREED and MARKET)

Rabbit Production - Kindling

• provide a __ box with bedding __ d after breeding

  • does will __ to create a nest

• examine the litter within __ hr of kindling to make sure kits are alive

  • remove __ kits

• monitor for __ due to low milk production

• don’t __ the doe

  • __ is rare, but possible

• average litter size → __ kits

• post-kindling

  • 7 - 10 days → __

  • 19 - 20 days → __

  • 5 - 10 weeks → __ (based on __)

Rabbit Sex Determination

• at WEANING → separate bucks and does

• hold rabbit on its BACK

• pinch the TAIL between your middle and index fingers, and place your thumb on the fur in the VENT area

• pull out the tail gently but firmly, and press down in front of the GENITAL region with your thumb

• male

  • protruding, ROUNDED urethral opening

  • SCROTUM is not always obvious, especially in young bucks

  • bucks have open INGUINAL RINGS, which allow the testicles to retract into the ABDOMEN

• female → SLIT-LIKE vulva

Rabbit Sex Determination

• at __ → separate bucks and does

• hold rabbit on its __

• pinch the __ between your middle and index fingers, and place your thumb on the fur in the __ area

• pull out the tail gently but firmly, and press down in front of the __ region with your thumb

• male

  • protruding, __ urethral opening

  • __ is not always obvious, especially in young bucks

  • bucks have open __, which allow the testicles to retract into the __

• female → __ vulva

Rabbit Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

• stomach chambers → MONOGRASTRIC

• digestion → HINDGUT FERMENTERS

• diet → HERBIVORES

• pathway of food

  • TEETH → SALIVARY GLAND → ESOPHAGUS → LIVER → STOMACH → PANCREAS → LARGE INTESTINE → CAECUM → SMALL INTESTINE → RECTUM → ANUS

• antibodies that are safe to use in rabbits are LIMITED compared to other species

• ORAL administration of many antibiotics (that would be effective against bacteria causing respiratory infections) will also kill bacteria necessary to keep the intestines healthy and functioning

Rabbit Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

• stomach chambers → __

• digestion → __

• diet → __

• pathway of food → __

• antibodies that are safe to use in rabbits are __ compared to other species

• __ administration of many antibiotics (that would be effective against bacteria causing respiratory infections) will also kill bacteria necessary to keep the intestines healthy and functioning

Rabbit Production - Diet

• feeding → HERBIVORE, SINGLE-STOMACH, HINDGUT FERMENTER

• water → CONSTANT, FREE ACCESS

• feed efficiency → 3 LB FEED : 1 LB MEAT (3:1)

  Rabbit Production - Diet

• DRY forage (hay) → 40% - 80% of rabbit’s diet

• DAILY diet → mostly hay, a small amount of fresh vegetables, and a specified amount of pellets based on BODY WEIGHT

• unlimited, high-quality GRASS HAY (ex. timothy, orchard, or brome) should make up the bulk of rabbit’s diet

• grass hay is high in FIBER

• hay allows rabbit to use a NORMAL GRINDING MOTION of the cheek teeth, which keeps them in proper alignment

• YOUNG, GROWING rabbits can eat any type of hay, including alfafa

  • alfalfa hay is fed with caution to ADULT rabbits (> 7 MONTHS of age) because it is rich in PROTEIN and high in CALCIUM

• pellets → ALL-GRAIN PELLETS (fed with hay) or COMPLETE PELLETS (all forage)

  • ex. for adult rabbits, timothy pellets should be offered at approx 1/8 to ¼ cup per 5 lb of body weight

• over-feeding pellets to adult rabbits is a common cause of obesity and SOFT STOOL because pellets are generally low in LONG-STRAND fiber and high in CARBOHYDRATES, and can cause an overgrowth of ABNORMAL BACTERIA in the gastrointestinal tract

• supplement with ¼ - ½ cup of LEAFY GREEN VEGETABLES per day

  • ex. romain lettuce, bok choy, mustard greens, carrot tops, cilantro, watercress, basil, kohlrabi, beet greens, broccoli greens

  • CAUTION: some leafy greens (collard and dandelion greens, parsley, kale, swiss chard, and escarole) should be fed in limited quantities because they’re high in CALCIUM and may cause Ca-BASED BLADDER STONES

• ROOT CROPS → carrots, sweet potatoes, turnips, beets

  • CAUTION: carrots are high in CARBOHYDRATES and should not be offered DAILY

• introduce new vegetables slowly, in small quantities, and monitor for DIARRHEA or GAS pain

Rabbit Production - Diet

• feeding → __

• water → __

• feed efficiency → __ lb __ : __ lb __ (__:__)

• __ forage (hay) → __% of rabbit’s diet

• __ diet → mostly hay, a small amount of fresh vegetables, and a specified amount of pellets based on __

• unlimited, high-quality __ (ex. timothy, orchard, or brome) should make up the bulk of rabbit’s diet

• grass hay is high in __

• hay allows rabbit to use a __ of the cheek teeth, which keeps them in proper alignment

• __ rabbits can eat any type of hay, including alfafa

  • alfalfa hay is fed with caution to __ rabbits (__ mo of age) because it is rich in __ and high in __

• pellets → __ (fed with hay) or __ (all forage)

  • ex. for adult rabbits, timothy pellets should be offered at approx 1/8 to ¼ cup per 5 lb of body weight

• over-feeding pellets to adult rabbits is a common cause of obesity and __ because pellets are generally low in __ fiber and high in __, and can cause an overgrowth of __ in the gastrointestinal tract

• supplement with ¼ - ½ cup of __ per day

  • ex. romain lettuce, bok choy, mustard greens, carrot tops, cilantro, watercress, basil, kohlrabi, beet greens, broccoli greens

  • CAUTION: some leafy greens (collard and dandelion greens, parsley, kale, swiss chard, and escarole) should be fed in limited quantities because they’re high in __ and may cause __

• __ → carrots, sweet potatoes, turnips, beets

  • CAUTION: carrots are high in __ and should not be offered __

• introduce new vegetables slowly, in small quantities, and monitor for __ or __ pain

Rabbit Health - Feces

• two kinds of feces

  1. ROUND, FIRM pellets

  2. CECOTROPES (NIGHT feces) → very soft and covered with a thick mucus

     • rabbits ingest them as a normal part of their digestive process to RECYCLE PROTEIN, WATER, AND VITAMINS

• COPROPHAY → eating fecal matter

  • common in rodents and rabbits, although only rabbits produce a special STOOL for this purpose

Rabbit Health - Feces

• two kinds of feces

  1. __ pellets

  2. __ (__ feces) → very soft and covered with a thick mucus

     • rabbits ingest them as a normal part of their digestive process to __

• __ → eating fecal matter

  • common in rodents and rabbits, although only rabbits produce a special __ for this purpose

Rabbit Restraint

• handling → generally DOCILE and EASY

• risks → SCRATCHES and BITES

• support the HINDLEGS

  • rabbits have very strong LEGS and very little BONE MASS

  • when they KICK, it is easy for them to suffer serious injury to their SPINE

Rabbit Restraint

• handling → generally __

• risks → __

• support the __

  • rabbits have very strong __ and very little __

  • when they __, it is easy for them to suffer serious injury to their __

Bison

• family → BOVIDAE

• weight → 1000 - 2200 LBS

• height → 5 - 6.5 FEET

• length → 7 - 12 FEET

• speed → 40 MPH

• lifespan → 12 - 20+ YEARS

• defense → 2 FEET CURVED HORNS (male and female)

• HARDY → survive blizzards and extreme heat

• VERY EFFICIENT grazers → prefer a TOTAL GRASS diet with grains of 2 POUNDS PER DAY

Bison

• family → __

• weight → __ lb

• height → __ ft

• length → __ ft

• speed → __ mph

• lifespan → __ yr

• defense → __

• __ → survive blizzards and extreme heat

• __ grazers → prefer a __ diet with grains of __ lb/day

Bison Production - History

• 20,000 - 30,000 years ago → crossed the BEIRING STRAIT land bridge from ASIA to NORTH AMERICA

• 1700s → 30 - 60 MILLION bison in North America

• 1900 → 300 bison (ENDANGERED)

• 2010 - 2020s → 200,000 - 500,000 bison

  • 5,400 in national parks

  • 20,500 in conservation herds

  • 420,000 in private ranches

Bison Production - History

• 20,000 - 30,000 years ago → bison crossed the __ land bridge from __ to __

• 1700s → __ mil bison in North America

• 1900 → __ bison (__)

• 2010 - 2020s → __ bison

  • __ in national parks

  • __ in conservation herds

  • __ in private ranches

Bison Production - Market

1. BREEDING stock

2. HOBBY/EXHIBITION animals

3. meat → (RED meat, lower in FAT, CHOLESTEROL, AND CALORIES than beef, pork, and skinless chicken)

   • least → most grams of fat

     • BISON (2.42) → CHICKEN → BEEF → PORK

   • least → most kcal of calories

     • BISON (143) → CHICKEN → BEEF → PORK

   • least → most mg chloresterol

     • BISON (82) → BEEF → PORK → CHICKEN

Bison Production - Market

1. __ stock

2. __ animals

3. meat → (__ meat, lower in __ than beef, pork, and skinless chicken)

   • least → most grams of fat

   • least → most kcal of calories

   • least → most mg chloresterol

Bison Production - Meat and Meat Safety

• smaller producer → 25 - 100

• medium producer → 100 - 250

• large ranch → 100s - 1000s

• 2020 → 57,300 processed at. USDA inspected plants

• SINGLE-PRODUCER or SEGMENTED (cow-calf and feedlot) plan

• FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION ACT (FMIA)

  • AMENABLE LIVESTOCK SPECIES → cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses

• POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT (PPIA)

  • AMENABLE POULTRY → chickens, turkey, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and ratites

• to legally sell meat and meat products, animal(s) must be slaughtered in a FACILITY INSPECTED by the USDA’s FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION SERVICE, FSIS, and meat products from the inspected carcasses must. be handled in a facility inspected by COUNTY, STATE, OR USDA INSPECTORS

• non-amenable species

  • WILD LAND MAMMALS → antelope, deer, elk, moose, bison, water buffalo, bear, caribou, and reindeer

  • GAME BIRDS → wild turkeys, wild geese, wild ducks, grouse, quail, pheasant, and other non-domesticated species of fowl

  • rabbits

  • poultry (fewer than 20,000)

  • no mandatory USDA FSIS inspection for non-amenable species → no FEDERAL TAX DOLLARS for inspection

  • AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT of 1946 → gave FSIS the authority to perform voluntary inspection service of non-amenable animals if meat and poultry products must bear a USDA mark of inspection

    • exotics passed under voluntary FSIS inspection received a TRIANGULAR USDA MARK

    • producers must investigate FEDERAL and STATE-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS (state fish & wildlife agency, state heath department, and state department of ag)

  • farmers must PAY A CERTIFIED USDA FSIS INSPECTOR to inspect non-amenable species

    • 2024 rate → $72 per hour and $88 over time

    • USDA federally inspected plant must first APPLY FOR AND RECEIVE APPROVAL to process “exotic” animals OR USDA FSIS has granted SPECIAL PROVISIONS to allow on-farm harvesting if farms have a SEPARATE AREA in which to present the live animal(s) to a licensed vet or USDA inspector, before being killed, followed by FAST TRANSPORT to a USDA-inspected plant

  • products from animals not amenable to the FMIA and PPIA, including those inspected and passed under VOLUNTARY FSIS inspection, are subject to FEDERAL REGULATION by the Us Department Of Human Health And Human Services’ (HHS) FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) as “food” under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act.

    • bison sold in the COMMERCIAL MARKETPLACE must be processed in a FDA-APPROVED FACILITY

    • these facilities are required to comply with all FDA regulations, as well as with the FSIS regulations regarding SANITATION

      some STATE MEAT Inspection Acts

    • LOCAL HEALTH CODES → may prohibit sale of un-inspected bison in markets and restaurants

Bison Production - Meat and Meat Safety

• smaller producer → __

• medium producer → __

• large ranch → __

• 2020 → __ processed at. USDA inspected plants

• __ or __ (cow-calf and feedlot) plan

• __ (FMIA)

  • __ → cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses

• __ (PPIA)

  • __ → chickens, turkey, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and ratites

• to legally sell meat and meat products, animal(s) must be slaughtered in a __ by the USDA’s __, FSIS, and meat products from the inspected carcasses must. be handled in a facility inspected by __

• non-amenable species

  • __ → antelope, deer, elk, moose, bison, water buffalo, bear, caribou, and reindeer

  • __ → wild turkeys, wild geese, wild ducks, grouse, quail, pheasant, and other non-domesticated species of fowl

  • rabbits

  • poultry (fewer than 20,000)

  • no mandatory USDA FSIS inspection for non-amenable species → no __ for inspection

• __ → gave FSIS the authority to perform voluntary inspection service of non-amenable animals if meat and poultry products must bear a USDA mark of inspection

  • exotics passed under voluntary FSIS inspection received a __ of inspection

    • producers must investigate __ (state fish & wildlife agency, state heath department, and state department of ag)

  • farmers must __ to inspect non-amenable species

    • 2024 rate → $__ per hour and $__ over time

    • USDA federally inspected plant must first __ to process “exotic” animals OR USDA FSIS has granted __ to allow on-farm harvesting if farms have a __ in which to present the live animal(s) to a licensed vet or USDA inspector, before being killed, followed by __ to a USDA-inspected plant

  • products from animals not amenable to the FMIA and PPIA, including those inspected and passed under __ inspection, are subject to __ by the Us Department Of Human Health And Human Services’ (HHS) __ as “food” under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act.

    • bison sold in the __ must be processed in a __

    • these facilities are required to comply with all FDA regulations, as well as with the FSIS regulations regarding __

      some __ Inspection Acts

    • __→ may prohibit sale of un-inspected bison in markets and restaurants

Bison Production - Buffalo Cheese

• bison → not milked COMMERCIALLY

  • TRAINABLE, but not DOMESTICATED animals

• mozzarella

• WATER BUFFALO → produces buffalo cheese

  • SEPARATE species, UNRElATED to bison

  • some food companies market products as BUFFALO that are not water buffalo, which may be regarded as DECEPTIVE labeling

  • NATIONAL BISON ASSOCIATION → filed formal comments with the FSIS and FDA urging that the FOOD STANDARDS AND LABELING POLICY BOOK clarify that products containing water buffalo be required to be labeled with the FULL NAME, rather than just “buffalo”

Bison Production - Buffalo Cheese

• bison → not milked __

  • __, but not __ animals

• mozzarella

• __ → produces buffalo cheese

  • __ species, __ to bison

  • some food companies market products as __ that are not water buffalo, which may be regarded as __ labeling

  • __ → filed formal comments with the FSIS and FDA urging that the __ clarify that products containing water buffalo be required to be labeled with the __, rather than just “buffalo”

Bison Production - Housing

• land ≥ 2 - 3 ACRES per animal

• STRONG fencing, corral-chute system (7 - 8 ft tall), and a appropriate squeeze chute

• know STATE LIABILITY AND TRESPASS laws

• National Bison Association → BUFFALO PRODUCER’S GUIDE to MANAGEMENT and MARKETING

Bison Production - Housing

• land ≥ __ acres per animal

• __ fencing, corral-chute system (__ ft tall), and a appropriate squeeze chute

• know __ laws

• National Bison Association → __

Bison Production - Management Goals

• health program

  • good RECORD keeping

  • vaccination

  • deworming

  • observation

• feeding

  • similar to BEEF CATTLE

  • pasture → ROTATIONAL grazing (land OVER need)

  • winter → SUPPLEMENTAL hay, protein (11% - 13%), salt, minerals

Bison Production - Management Goals

• health program

  • good __ keeping

  • vaccination

  • deworming

  • observation

• feeding

  • similar to __

  • pasture → __ grazing (land __ need)

  • winter → __ hay, protein (__%), salt, minerals

Bison Production - Breeding

• puberty → 2 YEARS

• breeding season → FALL (Aug to Oct)

  • 1 mature bull : 10 - 12 cows

  • to limit INTERBREEDING → change bull every 1 - 2 seasons

• gestation → 275 - 285 DAYS (9 MONTHS)

• calving → SUMMER (mid Apr to Jul)

  • calf weight → 40 - 50 LBS

• post-calving

  • weaning → @ 8 - 9 MONTHS

  • castration → BULLS SOLD FOR MEAT BEFORE BREEDING AGE

  • dehorning → UNLIKELY

  • ear tagging → YES

Bison Production - Breeding

• puberty → __ yr

• breeding season → __ (Aug to Oct)

  • __ mature bull : __ cow

  • to limit __ → change bull every 1 - 2 seasons

• gestation → __ d (__ mo)

• calving → __ (mid Apr to Jul)

  • calf weight → __ lb

• post-calving

  • weaning → @ __ mo

  • castration → __

  • dehorning → __

  • ear tagging → __

Bison Production - Feeding to Finishing

• 2 segments after weaning

  1. PASTURE

  2. ROUGHAGE in a DRYLOT

• FEEDLOT → finishing ration

  • ex. 10 lb alfafa hay and 7 - 10 lb corn per day

  • average daily gain → 2 - 3 LBS

• processed

  • live weight → 1000 - 1100 LBS

  • dressing weight → 620 LBS (62%)

Bison Production - Feeding to Finishing

• 2 segments after weaning

• __ → finishing ration

  • ex. 10 lb alfafa hay and 7 - 10 lb corn per day

  • average daily gain → __ lbs

• processed

  • live weight → __ lbs

  • dressing weight → __ lbs (__%)

Ratites

• list five different kinds

  1. OSTRICH

  2. EMU

  3. RHEA

  4. CASSOWARY

  5. KIWI

• FLIGHTLESS birds

• flat BREASTBONE resembles a raft (Latin ratis)

  • shape of a raft (Latin ratitus)

Ratites

• list five different kinds

• FLIGHTLESS birds

• flat __ resembles a raft (Latin ratis)

  • shape of a raft (Latin ratitus)

Ratites - Ostrich

• 2 toes

• LARGEST and HEAVIEST bird

• found in AFRICA

• height → 7 - 9 FEET

• weight → 200 - 350 LBS

• speed → 30 - 50 MPH

  • 1-month old chick → 35 MPH

• LONG necks, SMALL heads, LARGE eyes

• males → BLACK and WHITE feathers

• females → GRAY feathers

• history

  • 1800s → COMMERCIAL production in South Africa of FEATHERS

  • late 1940s → market developed for MEAT and LEATHER

• maturity → 2 - 4 YEARS

• females lay 1 - 5 eggs in a COMMUNAL nest (up to 60 total eggs)

• egg incubation period → 40 - 46 DAYS

  • males and females both incubate eggs and raise young

• by 6 MONTHS, chicks are almost __

• lifespan

  • wild → 30 - 40 YEARS

  • zoo → 70 YEARS

• diet → OMNIVORES

Ratites - Ostrich

• __ toes

• __ and __ bird

• found in __

• height → __ ft

• weight → __ lb

• speed → __ mph

  • 1-month old chick → __ mph

• __ necks, __ heads, __ eyes

• males → __ feathers

• females → __ feathers

• history

  • 1800s → __ production in South Africa of __

  • late 1940s → market developed for __

• maturity → __ yr

• females lay __ eggs in a __ nest (up to 60 total eggs)

• egg incubation period → __ d

  • males and females both incubate eggs and raise young

• by __ m, chicks are almost __

• lifespan

  • wild → __ yr

  • zoo → __ yr

• diet → __

Ratites - Emu

• 3 toes

• 2ND LARGEST bird

• found in AUSTRALIA

• height → 5 - 6 FEET

• weight → 125 - 150 LBBS

• speed → 30 MPH

• color appearance

  • head and neck have GRAYISH BLUE skin

  • feathers are BLACK on head and MOTTLED BROWN on back

  • plumage is COURSE and HAIR-LIKE

• age of maturity → 1.5 - 3 YEARS

• 5 - 15 eggs per clutch (up to 3 clutches per season)

• incubation period → ~50 DAYS

• lifespan

  • wild → 10 - 20 YEARS

  • zoo → 35 YEARS

Ratites - Emu

• __ toes

• __ bird

• found in __

• height → __ ft

• weight → __ lb

• speed → __ mph

• color appearance

  • head and neck have __ coat

  • feathers are __ on head and __ on back

  • plumage is __

• age of maturity → __ yr

• __ eggs per clutch (up to __ clutches per season)

• incubation period → ~__ d

• lifespan

  • wild → __ yr

  • zoo → __ yr

Ratites - Rhea

• 3 toes

• found in SOUTH AMERICA

• height → 5.5 FEET

• weight → 44 - 55 LBS

• feathers

  • pale gray to brown

  • HEAD and NECK completely feathered

  • no TAIL feathers

  • LONG BODY feathers droop over posterior of bird

• females → lay 1 egg every other day or every 3 - 4 days for 7 - 10 DAYS

  • in a GROUND, COMMUNAL nest of the male’s design

• males → incubate eggs for 42 DAYS and care for newly hatched young

Ratites - Rhea

• __ toes

• found in __

• height → __ ft

• weight → __ lb

• feathers

  • pale gray to brown

  • __ completely feathered

  • no __ feathers

  • __ feathers droop over posterior of bird

• females → lay __ egg[s] every other day or every 3 - 4 days for __ d

  • in a __ nest of the male’s design

• males → incubate eggs for __ d and care for newly hatched young

Ratites - Cassowary

• 3 toes

• height → 4 - 6 FEET

• speed → 30 MPH

• found in AUSTRALIA and MALAY ARCHIPELAGO (forests)

• NO plumage on head or neck

• skin is bright BLUE, RED, and YELLOW

• CASQUE → large bony crest on top of head

• brownish-black HAIR-LIKE feathers on body

• defense → SHARP TOENAILS ON THEIR INNER TOES

• maturity → @ 2.5 - 3 YEARS

• GREEN eggs laid (3 - 5 per clutch)

• incubation period → 49 - 56 DAYS

• males → sit on eggs and rear chicks for 9 MONTHS

• lifespan

  • wild → 12 - 20 YEARS

  • zoo → 40 YEARS

Ratites - Cassowary

• __ toes

• height → __ ft

• speed → __ mph

• found in __ and __ (forests)

• __ plumage on head or neck

• skin is bright __

• __ → large bony crest on top of head

• brownish-black __ feathers on body

• defense → __

• maturity → @ __ yr

• __ eggs laid (__ per clutch)

• incubation period → __ d

• males → sit on eggs and rear chicks for __ mo

• lifespan

  • wild → __ yr

  • zoo → __ yr

Ratites - Kiwi

• 5 species

• 3 toes

• height → 1 - 2 FEET

• weight → 2 - 11 LBS

• found in NEW ZEALAND

• feathers → brown or gray, HAIR-like

  • special feathers around their FACES, similar to whiskers

• SOLID bones

• VERY STRONG, MUSCULAR legs → 1/3 of their BW

  • they can outrun humans

• SMALL head, NO tail, SLENDER bill with NOSTRILS at the end (PHENOMENAL sense of smell)

• diet → OMNIVOROUS (insects, larva, crayfish, roots, berries, and fruit)

• activity → NOCTURNAL

• maturity

  • females → 2 - 3 YEARS

  • males → 14 - 18 MONTHS

• eggs laid

  • 1 (rarely 2) per clutch, 1 clutch per year

  • eggs can weigh up to 25% of mom’s body mass

• incubation → 75 - 85 DAYS (males sit on eggs)

• lifespan

  • wild → 30 YEARS

  • zoo → 50 YEARS

Ratites - Kiwi

• __ species

• __ toes

• height → __ ft

• weight → __ lb

• found in __

• feathers → brown or gray, __-like

  • special feathers around their __, similar to whiskers

• __ bones

• __ legs → __ of their BW

  • they can outrun humans

• __ head, __ tail, __ bill with __ at the end (__ sense of smell)

• diet → __ (insects, larva, crayfish, roots, berries, and fruit)

• activity → __

• maturity

  • females → __ yr

  • males → __ mo

• eggs laid

  • __ (rarely __ ) per clutch, __ clutch[es] per year

  • eggs can weigh up to __% of mom’s body mass

• incubation → __ d (males sit on eggs)

• lifespan

  • wild → __ yr

  • zoo → __ yr

Ratites Production - Marketing

• meat

  • LOW-fat, LOW-cholesterol, HIGH-iron RED meat

    • dressing percentage → 54-57%

  • ex. $6.75 /LB for ground ostrich and $19.55 /LB for ostrich steak

• skin → LEATHER

  • quill pattern

• fat → OIL

  • cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

• feathers

  • harvested ONCE per year

• eggs

  • shells $15 for art

  • food $20 - $50 per Ostrich egg (1 - 24 chicken eggs)

Ratites Production - Marketing

• meat

  • __-fat, __-cholesterol, __-iron __ meat

    • dressing percentage → __%

  • ex. $__ /lb for ground ostrich and $__ /lb for ostrich steak

• skin → __

  • quill pattern

• fat → __

  • cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

• feathers

  • harvested __ per year

• eggs

  • shells $__ for art

  • food $__ per Ostrich egg (1 - 24 chicken eggs)

Ratites Production - Facilities

• VERY DANGEROUS to handle

• fences should be 5 FEET high and FLUSH with ground

• HIGH walls and CROWD pens make handling easier

• space needed = 0.25 - 3 ACRES per breeding pair

Ratites Production - Facilities

• __ to handle

• fences should be __ ft high and __ with ground

• __ walls and __ pens make handling easier

• space needed = __ acres per breeding pair

Ostrich and Emu - Breeding

• ostrich

  • maturity

    • male → 2.5 YEARS

    • female → 2 YEARS

    • mating in MONOGAMOUS or POLYGAMOUS relationships

    • DRAMATIC mating behavior

  • MANAGED mating season (Mar to Sept)

  • breed and begin laying eggs 5 - 10 DAYS later

    • continue laying EVERY OTHER day with up to 15 - 20 eggs

    • if eggs are removed, female will continue laying up to 40 - 50 eggs

    • eggs weigh 3 - 5 LBS

• emu

  • maturity → 1.5 - 3 YEARS

    • mating in mostly MONOGAMOUS relationships

    • female DOMINANT/larger

  • breed and lay an egg every 3 - 4 DAYS

    • up to 30 eggs in a clutch

    • eggs weigh 1.5 LBS

  • MALE incubates nest

Ostrich and Emu - Breeding

• ostrich

  • maturity

    • male → __ yr

    • female → __ yr

    • mating in __ relationships

    • __ mating behavior

  • __ mating season (Mar to Sept)

  • breed and begin laying eggs __ d later

    • continue laying __ day with up to __ eggs

    • if eggs are removed, female will continue laying up to __ eggs

    • eggs weigh __ lb

• emu

  • maturity → __ yr

    • mating in mostly __ relationships

    • female __/larger

  • breed and lay an egg every __ d

    • up to __ eggs in a clutch

    • eggs weigh __ lb

  • __ incubates nest

Ostrich and Emu - Incubation and Hatching

• ARTIFICIAL incubation > NATURAL incubation

1. collect eggs DAILY (be clean)

2. initially store

   • @ 55-65˚F

   • 75% humidity

   • air cell UP or egg ON THE SIDE

   • turn 3× PER DAY

3. incubate within 7 DAYS of collection

   • @ 97.5˚F - 99˚F

   • humidity

     • ostrich → 35 - 40%

     • emu → 24 - 35%

   • weigh WEEKLY

   • rotate

   • duration

     • ostrich → 39 - 59 DAYS (avg 42 days)

     • emu → 46 - 56 DAYS (avg 50 days)

4. move to HATCHER 1 - 2 days BEFORE hatching

   • chick PIPS shell membrane into the AIR CELL

   • chick will break through the shell and hatch within 12 - 18 HOURS

5. hatch rate

   • ostrich eggs → 70%

   • emu eggs → 50 - 80%

6. chicks are moved to a BROODER

   • initial temperature @ 90˚F at FLOOR-LEVEL for 10 - 14 DAYS

   • water

   • food

   • ventilation → CLEAN and DRY

   • light

   • litter → bedded with WOOD SHAVINGS, STRAW, RICE HULLS, or CLEAN SAND (nothing slippery or tasty)

7. DECREASE brooder temperature by 5˚F every 2 WEEKS until supplemental heat is no longer needed

8. weigh, leg band, microchip, DNA identification, tattoo

9. determine sex at 1 - 2 MONTHS of age

   • (DIMORPHOUS plumage occurs at 14 MONTHS )

Ostrich and Emu - Incubation and Hatching

• __ incubation > __ incubation

1. collect eggs __ (be clean)

2. initially store

   • @ __˚F

   • __% humidity

   • air cell __ or egg __

   • turn __× per day

3. incubate within __ d of collection

   • @ __˚F

   • humidity

     • ostrich → __%

     • emu → __%

   • weigh __

   • rotate

   • duration

     • ostrich → __ d (avg 42 days)

     • emu → __ d (avg 50 days)

4. move to __ 1 - 2 days __ hatching

   • chick __ shell membrane into the __

   • chick will break through the shell and hatch within __ hr

5. hatch rate

   • ostrich eggs → __%

   • emu eggs → __%

6. chicks are moved to a __

   • initial temperature @ __˚F at __-level for __ d

   • water

   • food

   • ventilation → __

   • light

   • litter → bedded with __ (nothing slippery or tasty)

7. __ brooder temperature by __˚F every __ wk until supplemental heat is no longer needed

8. weigh, leg band, microchip, DNA identification, tattoo

9. determine sex at __ mo of age

   • (__ plumage occurs at __ mo)

Ratites Production - Health Maintenance

• establish a relationship with a knowledgeable vet/other farmers

• follow a good DISEASE PREVENTION program

  • ratites are susceptible to similar illnesses and parasites as POULTRY

• provide special care for young (HIGH morality rate less than 6 MONTHS of age)

Ratites Production - Health Maintenance

• establish a relationship with a knowledgeable vet/other farmers

• follow a good __ program

  • ratites are susceptible to similar illnesses and parasites as __

• provide special care for young (__ morality rate less than __ mo of age)

Camelid Evolution

• 40 million years ago → ORIGINATED IN NORTH AMERICA

• 3 million years ago → MIGRATED TO ASIA, AFRICA, AND SOUTH AMERICA

• 10-12,000 years ago → EXTINCT IN NORTH AMERICA

• today

  • list one vicuña species

    1. VICUÑA

  • list three lama species

    1. GUANACO

    2. ALPACA

    3. LLAMA

  • list two camelus species

    1. DROMEDARY

    2. BACTRIAN

Camelid Evolution

• 40 million years ago →

• 3 million years ago →

• 10-12,000 years ago →

• today

  • list one vicuña species

  • list three lama species

  • list two camelus species

Camelid Classification Terminology

• class → MAMMALIA

• order → ARTIODACYLA (even-toed)

• suborder → TYLOPODA (pad-footed)

• family → CAMELIDAE

Camelid Classification Terminology

• class →

• order → __ (even-toed)

• suborder → __ (pad-footed)

• family →

Ruminants versus Camelids

• ruminants

  • foot type → FIRM HOOVES and SOLE

  • red blood cells → ROUND with lifespan of 125 - 160 DAYS

  • NASAL or ORAL breather

  • chew CUD

  • FOREGUT fermenters with 4 stomach chambers

  • HAS estrous cycle

  • SPONTANEOUS ovulators

  • breed STANDING

  • COTYLEDONARY placenta

  • artificial insemination COMMON

• camelids

  • foot type → SOFTER FOOTPADS and TOENAILS

  • red blood cells → ELLIPTICAL with lifespan of > 200 DAYS

  • PRIMARILY NASAL breather

  • chew CUD and SPIT

  • FOREGUT fermenters with 3 stomach chambers

    • pathway → C1 (largest) to C2 to C3

  • NO estrous cycle

  • INDUCED ovulators

  • breed in STERNAL RECUMBANCY (cush)

  • DIFFUSE placenta

  • artificial insemination DIFFICULT

    • breeding duration → 30 MIN

    • mating call → MALE ORGLES

Ruminants versus Camelids

• ruminants

  • foot type →

  • red blood cells → __ with lifespan of __ days

  • __ breather

  • chew __

  • __ fermenters with __ stomach chambers

  • __ estrous cycle

  • __ ovulators

  • breed __

  • __ placenta

  • artificial insemination __

• camelids

  • foot type →

  • red blood cells → __ with lifespan of __ days

  • __ breather

  • chew __

  • __ fermenters with __ stomach chambers

    • pathway →

  • __ estrous cycle

  • __ ovulators

  • breed __ (cush)

  • __ placenta

  • artificial insemination __

    • breeding duration → __ min

    • mating call →

Camelids Species - Llama

• lifespan → 15 - 25 YEARS

• adult weight → 250 - 450 LBS

• newborn weight → 18 - 40 LBS

• height → 5 - 6 FT @ HEAD

• list five marketing using

  1. PACK ANIMAL

  2. FIBER

  3. MEAT

  4. GUARD ANIMAL

  5. FUEL

Camelids Species - Llama

• lifespan → __ years

• adult weight → __ lbs

• newborn weight → __ lbs

• height → __ feet @ __

• list five marketing using

Camelids Species - Alpaca

• lifespan → 15 - 25 YEARS

• adult weight → 120 - 200 LBS

• newborn weight → 13 - 20 LBS

• height → 4.5 FEET @ HEAD

• list five marketing using

  1. PACK ANIMAL

  2. FIBER (4 lbs fleece/yr)

  3. MEAT

  4. EXHIBITION

  5. FUEL

• 2 breeds

  1. huacaya

     • fiber type → SHORT, DENSE, CRIMPED FIBER

     • shorn every 1 YEAR

  2. suri

     • fiber type → LONG, SILKY RINGLETS/DREADLOCKS

     • short every 2 YEARS

Camelids Species - Alpaca

• lifespan → __ years

• adult weight → __ lbs

• newborn weight → __ lbs

• height → __ feet @ __

• list five marketing using

• 2 breeds

  1. huacaya

     • fiber type →

     • shorn every __ yr

  2. suri

     • fiber type →

     • short every __ yr

Camelids Species - Vicuna

• lifespan → 15 - 20 YEARS

• adult weight → 99 - 120 LBS

• newborn weight → 9 - 13 LBS

• height → 3 FEET @ WITHERS

• mostly WILD (but farms exist)

• labeling system in Peru

  • created through government-sanctioned CHACU

  • uses IDENTIFIER garments

  • vicunas captured, sheared, returned to the wild, and not sheared again for 2 YEARS

  • 150 GRAMS of fine wool/animal/shearing produced

• vicuña fleece = marketed/exported ILLEGALLY

Camelids Species - Vicuna

• lifespan → __ years

• adult weight → __ lbs

• newborn weight → __ lbs

• height → __ feet @ __

• mostly __ (but farms exist)

• labeling system in Peru

  • created through government-sanctioned __

  • uses __ garments

  • vicunas captured, sheared, returned to the wild, and not sheared again for __ yr

  • __ grams of fine wool/animal/shearing produced

• vicuña fleece = marketed/exported __

Camelids Species - Guanaco

• lifespan → 15 - 25 YEARS

• adult weight → 210 - 265 LBS

• newborn weight → 18 - 33 LBS

• height → 4 FT @ WITHERS

• speed → 40 MPH (and swim)

Camelids Species - Guanaco

• lifespan → __ years

• adult weight → __ lbs

• newborn weight → __ lbs

• height → __ feet @ __

• speed → __ mph (and swim)

US Llama and Alpaca Inventory, 2007-2022

• 2007 → TIED (~125 thousand)

• 2012 → ALPACA dominated

• 2017 → ALPACA dominated

• 2022 → ALPACA dominated

• overall trend

  • llama inventory → DECREASING

  • alpaca inventory → SMALL RISE IN 2012, BUT DECREASING

  • combined inventory → DECREASING

US Llama and Alpaca Inventory, 2007-2022

• 2007 → __ (~125 thousand)

• 2012 → __ dominated

• 2017 → __ dominated

• 2022 → __ dominated

• overall trend

  • llama inventory →

  • alpaca inventory →

  • combined inventory →

Camelid Reproduction

• physiology

  • puberty

    • females → 6 MONTHS of age

      • produce OVARIAN HORMONES

    • males → 7 - 9 MONTHS of age

      • capable of BREEDING

    • South America → breed females at 1 YEAR of age if 60% adult BW

    • North America → breed females at 15 - 24 MONTHS of age and males at 2 - 3 YEARS of age

  • gestation length (avg. 354 DAYS, or 11 - 12 MONTHS)

    • alpacas → 325 - 360 DAYS

    • llamas → 330 - 375 DAYS

• gestation and parturition

  • South America → dictated by PEAK PASTURE GROWTH in the RAINY season

    • NOV (summer) to APR (fall)

  • US → birthing season dictated by BREEDERS

  • over 95% of pregnancies are carried in the LEFT uterine horn

  • parturition generally occurs DURING THE DAY, particularly in the EARLY MORNING HOURS (6 - 11 am)

  • approx 70% of females remain standing for cria delivery

  • baby = CRIA

    • sternal by 15 MINS

    • stand by 1 HOUR

    • nurse by 2 - 4 HOURS

  • mom’s do not LICK THEIR CRIAS DRY, but instead NUZZLE NOSE-TO-NOSE

  • epidermal membrane

    • white, KERATINIZED layer (1 - 2 mm thick) over the cria

    • attached to cria at 5 areas

      1. LIPS

      2. ANUS

      3. UMBILICUS

      4. CORONET

      5. JUNCTION OF THE SKIN AND FOOTPAD

    • usually delivered INTACT

    • will DRY OUT and RUB OFF after birth

• placenta/fetal membrane delivery

  • normal delivery duration → 2 HOURS

  • retained delivery duration → 6 HOURS

  • birthing = CRIATION

  • future observations

    • COLOSTRUM (Failure of Passive Transfer)

    • gain ~0.5 LBS/DAY, then 1 LB/DAY

    • eat solid food by 2 - 3 WEEKS

    • ruminate by 4 - 6 WEEKS

    • weaned at 4 - 6 MONTHS

  • Berserk Male Syndrome → males IMPRINT on humans when young and become extremely AGGRESSIVE/DANGEROUS when mature

Camelid Reproduction

• physiology

  • puberty

    • females → __ mo of age

      • produce __

    • males → __ mo of age

      • capable of __

    • South America → breed females at __ yr of age if __% adult BW

    • North America → breed females at __ mo of age and males at __ yr of age

  • gestation length (avg. __ d, or __ mo)

    • alpacas → __ d

    • llamas → __ d

• gestation and parturition

  • South America → dictated by __ in the __ season

    • __ (summer) to __ (fall)

  • US → birthing season dictated by __

  • over 95% of pregnancies are carried in the __ uterine horn

  • parturition generally occurs __, particularly in the __ hours (6 - 11 am)

  • approx __% of females remain standing for cria delivery

  • baby = __

    • sternal by __ min

    • stand by __ hr

    • nurse by __ hr

  • mom’s do not __, but instead __

  • epidermal membrane

    • white, __ layer (1 - 2 mm thick) over the cria

    • attached to cria at 5 areas

    • usually delivered __

    • will __ and __ after birth

• placenta/fetal membrane delivery

  • normal delivery duration → __ hr

  • retained delivery duration → __ hr

  • birthing = __

  • future observations

    • __ (Failure of Passive Transfer)

    • gain ~__ lb/d, then __ lb/d

    • eat solid food by __ wk

    • ruminate by __ wk

    • weaned at __ mo

  • Berserk Male Syndrome → males __ on humans when young and become extremely __ when mature

Camelid Male Management

• SIX fighting teeth

  • erupt @ 18 - 36

  • may be filed with a DREMEL and a diamond-bit

  • females also have SMALL fighting teeth that erupt @ 4 - 6 YEARS

• surgical castration is performed ≥ 18 - 24 MONTHS of age to allow for NORMAL CLOSURE of growth plates

  • avoid tall animals with POST-LEGGED conformation that may predispose to ARTHRITIS and/or PATELLAR LUXATION

Camelid Male Management

• __ fighting teeth

  • erupt @ __ mo

  • may be filed with a __ and a diamond-bit

  • females also have __ fighting teeth that erupt @ __ yr

• surgical castration is performed ≥ __ mo of age to allow for __ of growth plates

  • avoid tall animals with __ conformation that may predispose to __ and/or __

Camelid Handling and Restraint

• camelids are HERD animals

• HALTER → with caution! (do not suffocate)

• NECK then CHIN/JAW hold

• PHYSICAL STRUCTURES → chute, gates, fences, etc.

• EAR hold → no twisting

• SPIT rag

• cast

• sedate

• lure with FOOD

• ☆ avoid EYE CONTACT

Camelid Handling and Restraint

• camelids are __ animals

• __ → with caution! (do not suffocate)

• __ then __ hold

• __ → chute, gates, fences, etc.

• __ hold → no twisting

• __ rag

• cast

• sedate

• lure with __

• ☆ avoid __