Collects & processes materials to be removed from the cell
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Cell membrane
Supports the cell, & controls movement of materials in & out of cell
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
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Vacuole
Role varies, but animals have several small ones & plants have one large one
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Nucleus
Manages the cell activities, including life activity
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Nuclear membrane
Protective layer of the nucleus
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Chloroplast
Creates chlorophyll in plant cells, used for photosynthesis
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Ribosome
Creates protein
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Cell wall
Protects the plant cell
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1. Cells are the simplest form of life 2. All living organisms made up of one or more cells 3. All cells come from other cells
Cell theory
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Organelles
Parts of a cell that perform a specific function
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Why do cells divide?
Reproduce, grow, repair damage
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What do cells need to survive?
Energy, nutrients, water, gases
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Cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
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Interphase
Cell prepares for division
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Mitosis
Division of DNA
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Prophase
Chromosomes form and centrioles move to poles
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Metaphase
Spindle fibres are produced from the centrioles, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
Centromere splits and chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres
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Telophase
Nuclear membrane forms & chromosomes unravel
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Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides to create 2 daugh
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What is cancer?
A disease in which cells divide uncontrollably
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What causes cancer?
Hereditary (inheritance) and carcinogens
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Malignant tumor
Cancer where it does damage to the surrounding cells
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Benign tumor
Cancer is still present, but it is not damaging surrounding cells
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How to diagnose cancer
Blood tests, X-rays
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How to treat cancer
Surgery, chemo, radiation
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Components of blood
Plasma, platelets, white and red blood cells
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White blood cells
Build up our immune system, fight off diseases and illnesses
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Red blood cells
Carry oxygen to cells
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Bone cells
Build up our skeletal system, receive calcium intake
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Fat cells
Stores fat in the body
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Nerve cells
Send us electrical impulses in our bodies to signal us
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Stem cells
Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell
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Cell hierarchy
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
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Photophore
Emits light
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Sperm cells
Carry DNA from males
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Muscle cells
Move bones
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Epithelial cells (skin cells)
Act as protection & prevent water loss
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Xylem cells (plant)
Transport water & dissolved minerals throughout the plant
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Phloem cells
Transport dissolved food around the plant
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Parenchyma cells
Have diverse functions, but also act as storage cells
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Guard cells
On the surface of leaves, open & close pores for transpiration
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Tissues
Epithelial, muscle, nerve, connective
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Cellular differentiation
Process that produces specialized cells
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Stem cells that differentiate into any kind of cell
Embryonic stem cell (baby stem cell)
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Stem cells that exist within a specialized tissue & only can differentiate into certain types of cells
Tissue stem cell (adult stem cell)
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Leukemia
Cancer in the bone marrow
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Regeneration
The ability of a tissue to repair itself
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T or F: All tissues can regenerate except nerve tissue
True
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Function of the mouth in the digestive system
Mechanically breaks down what we ingest
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Function of the esophagus in the digestive system
Connects the mouth to the stomach; made up of smooth muscle tissue
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Function of the stomach in the digestive system
Holds & churns what we ingest
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Function of the small intestine in the digestive system
Digestion & nutrient absorption occurs, mucus is secreted through its goblet cells
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Function of the large intestine in the digestive system
Absorbs water from indigestive fluid
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Accessory organs
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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Function of all accessory organs
Supply digestive enzymes to be released along the digestive tract
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The ________produces bile to be stored in the _________
liver, gallbladder
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Function of bile
Breaks down fat
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Function of the pancreas
Produces insulin to regulate our sugar levels
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Functions of the heart
Pumps blood throughout our body through arteries, veins, and capillaries
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Arteries
Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart
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Veins
Blood vessels carrying blood to the heart
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Capillaries
Helps with blood exchange with substances and surrounding tissues
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Blood
Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets & plasma
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Platelets
Cells that help with blood clotting
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Plasma
Fluid that carries blood cells along
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Peristalsis
The process of food travelling in the esophagus to the stomach
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Gas exchange in the respiratory system
We inhale oxygen (O2) and exhale carbon dioxide (CO2) they both enter in the lungs by diffusion and are processed in the alveoli surrounded by capillaries
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What do fish have instead of lungs?
Gills
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Function of the diaphragm
Contracts in breathing
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Function of skeleton in musculoskeletal system
Provides structure and support & protects our internal organs
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Connective tissues in the skeleton
Bone, ligament, cartilage
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Tendon
Muscle to bone connection
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Ligament
Bone to bone connection
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Endoskeleton
Skeleton placed inside the body
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Exoskeleton
Skeleton placed outside the body
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Nervous system parts
Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
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Consists of the brain & spinal cord
Central nervous system
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Made up of nerves that carry signals between CNS & body
Peripheral nervous system
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Functions of the three nerves in the PNS
Control voluntary muscles, carry info from the sensory organs to the brain, regulate involuntary functions
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What is nerve tissue comprised of?
Neurons
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Axon
Part of a neuron
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Myelin sheath
String covered in fatty tissue connecting nerve cells
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Sensory receptors
Specialized cells that sense sound, pressure, temperature & pain
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2 body systems of the plant
Shoot system & root system
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3 plant tissues
Dermal, vascular, ground
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Dermal tissue of plant
Tissues that cover outer surface of plant
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Vascular tissue of plant
Conducts materials
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Ground tissue of plant
Manages what the dermal & vascular tissue doesn’t
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Stores food, absorbs water & nutrients, anchors plant; underground plant system
Root system
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Conducts photosynthesis, produces flowers for reproduction & made of the leaf, flower & stem; above ground system
Shoot system
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3 requirements of photosynthesis
Absorb CO2, absorb H2O, absorb light
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What is photosynthesis?
Process in which plants convert light energy → chemical energy needed to live
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Metastasis
Process of malignant tumor spreading
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What is an ion?
Charged particles that occur when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons
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What happens to a metal or non-metal when becoming an ion?
May become more positively charged or more negatively charged
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Atmospheric conditions in a particular location over a short period of time
Weather
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Pattern of weather over a long period of time, determines the life that lives there