Science Exam

Cytoplasm

Fluid substance in a cell

Golgi bodies

Collects & processes materials to be removed from the cell

Cell membrane

Supports the cell, & controls movement of materials in & out of cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Vacuole

Role varies, but animals have several small ones & plants have one large one

Nucleus

Manages the cell activities, including life activity

Nuclear membrane

Protective layer of the nucleus

Chloroplast

Creates chlorophyll in plant cells, used for photosynthesis

Ribosome

Creates protein

Cell wall

Protects the plant cell

1. Cells are the simplest form of life
2. All living organisms made up of one or more cells
3. All cells come from other cells

Cell theory

Organelles

Parts of a cell that perform a specific function

Why do cells divide?

Reproduce, grow, repair damage

What do cells need to survive?

Energy, nutrients, water, gases

Cell cycle

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Interphase

Cell prepares for division

Mitosis

Division of DNA

Prophase

Chromosomes form and centrioles move to poles

Metaphase

Spindle fibres are produced from the centrioles, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Centromere splits and chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres

Telophase

Nuclear membrane forms & chromosomes unravel

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides to create 2 daugh

What is cancer?

A disease in which cells divide uncontrollably

What causes cancer?

Hereditary (inheritance) and carcinogens

Malignant tumor

Cancer where it does damage to the surrounding cells

Benign tumor

Cancer is still present, but it is not damaging surrounding cells

How to diagnose cancer

Blood tests, X-rays

How to treat cancer

Surgery, chemo, radiation

Components of blood

Plasma, platelets, white and red blood cells

White blood cells

Build up our immune system, fight off diseases and illnesses

Red blood cells

Carry oxygen to cells

Bone cells

Build up our skeletal system, receive calcium intake

Fat cells

Stores fat in the body

Nerve cells

Send us electrical impulses in our bodies to signal us

Stem cells

Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell

Cell hierarchy

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Photophore

Emits light

Sperm cells

Carry DNA from males

Muscle cells

Move bones

Epithelial cells (skin cells)

Act as protection & prevent water loss

Xylem cells (plant)

Transport water & dissolved minerals throughout the plant

Phloem cells

Transport dissolved food around the plant

Parenchyma cells

Have diverse functions, but also act as storage cells

Guard cells

On the surface of leaves, open & close pores for transpiration

Tissues

Epithelial, muscle, nerve, connective

Cellular differentiation

Process that produces specialized cells

Stem cells that differentiate into any kind of cell

Embryonic stem cell (baby stem cell)

Stem cells that exist within a specialized tissue & only can differentiate into certain types of cells

Tissue stem cell (adult stem cell)

Leukemia

Cancer in the bone marrow

Regeneration

The ability of a tissue to repair itself

T or F: All tissues can regenerate except nerve tissue

True

Function of the mouth in the digestive system

Mechanically breaks down what we ingest

Function of the esophagus in the digestive system

Connects the mouth to the stomach; made up of smooth muscle tissue

Function of the stomach in the digestive system

Holds & churns what we ingest

Function of the small intestine in the digestive system

Digestion & nutrient absorption occurs, mucus is secreted through its goblet cells

Function of the large intestine in the digestive system

Absorbs water from indigestive fluid

Accessory organs

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Function of all accessory organs

Supply digestive enzymes to be released along the digestive tract

The ________produces bile to be stored in the _________

liver, gallbladder

Function of bile

Breaks down fat

Function of the pancreas

Produces insulin to regulate our sugar levels

Functions of the heart

Pumps blood throughout our body through arteries, veins, and capillaries

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels carrying blood to the heart

Capillaries

Helps with blood exchange with substances and surrounding tissues

Blood

Consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets & plasma

Platelets

Cells that help with blood clotting

Plasma

Fluid that carries blood cells along

Peristalsis

The process of food travelling in the esophagus to the stomach

Gas exchange in the respiratory system

We inhale oxygen (O2) and exhale carbon dioxide (CO2) they both enter in the lungs by diffusion and are processed in the alveoli surrounded by capillaries

What do fish have instead of lungs?

Gills

Function of the diaphragm

Contracts in breathing

Function of skeleton in musculoskeletal system

Provides structure and support & protects our internal organs

Connective tissues in the skeleton

Bone, ligament, cartilage

Tendon

Muscle to bone connection

Ligament

Bone to bone connection

Endoskeleton

Skeleton placed inside the body

Exoskeleton

Skeleton placed outside the body

Nervous system parts

Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Consists of the brain & spinal cord

Central nervous system

Made up of nerves that carry signals between CNS & body

Peripheral nervous system

Functions of the three nerves in the PNS

Control voluntary muscles, carry info from the sensory organs to the brain, regulate involuntary functions

What is nerve tissue comprised of?

Neurons

Axon

Part of a neuron

Myelin sheath

String covered in fatty tissue connecting nerve cells

Sensory receptors

Specialized cells that sense sound, pressure, temperature & pain

2 body systems of the plant

Shoot system & root system

3 plant tissues

Dermal, vascular, ground

Dermal tissue of plant

Tissues that cover outer surface of plant

Vascular tissue of plant

Conducts materials

Ground tissue of plant

Manages what the dermal & vascular tissue doesn’t

Stores food, absorbs water & nutrients, anchors plant; underground plant system

Root system

Conducts photosynthesis, produces flowers for reproduction & made of the leaf, flower & stem; above ground system

Shoot system

3 requirements of photosynthesis

Absorb CO2, absorb H2O, absorb light

What is photosynthesis?

Process in which plants convert light energy → chemical energy needed to live

Metastasis

Process of malignant tumor spreading

What is an ion?

Charged particles that occur when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

What happens to a metal or non-metal when becoming an ion?

May become more positively charged or more negatively charged

Atmospheric conditions in a particular location over a short period of time

Weather

Pattern of weather over a long period of time, determines the life that lives there

Climate