brain anatomy

Mammillary bodies

Control eating, chewing, licking, swallowing

Frontal lobe

Premotor area, primary motor area, speech motor area, higher intellectual functions

Parietal lobe

Sensory association area, primary sensory area, touch, pressure

4 major nerve plexuses

1. Cervical plexus C1-C5, neck muscles, diaphragm

2. Brachial plexus C5-T1, pectoral girdles & upper limbs

3. Lumbar plexus T12-L4, lower limbs + pelvic girdles

4. Sacral plexus L4-S4, lower limbs + pelvic girdles

Limbic system function

Pleasure, rage, fear, sex drive, sorrow, behavior patterns,& recent memory

Limbic structures in the cerebrum

Cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, part of the amygdaloid body, and the hippocampal formation

Limbic structures in the diencephalon

Anterior thalamus nuclei and they hypothalamus

Cingulate gyrus

Part of cerebral cortex located superior to the corpus callosum, connects to sensory regions, experiencing painful stimuli as unpleasant

Occipital lobe

Visual association area, primary visual area

Temporal lobe

Memory, auditory area, olfaction, emotions

Basal ganglia

Dee p within the cerebral white matter lies a group of brain nuclei function: viewed as complex neural calculators that cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movements

Dura mater

Strong, outestlayer • includes periosteal + meningeal

Arachnoid

Spidery holds blood vessels

pia mater

Thinnest and contains blood vessels

Cerebrospinal fluid

Functions: floats the brain, transport nutrients,wastes,other chemicals, schock-absorbing, cushioning, more Na and Cl ions

Csf circulation

1. Csf is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle

2. Csf flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via median and lateral arpertures

3. Csf flows through subarachnoid space

4. Csf is absorbed into the ducal venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

Spinal cord

starts at foramen magnum, terminates in the conus medullaris (L1-L2)

cauda equina

Collection of nerve roots from lumbar/sacral nerves starting at L3-L4

Filum terminale

Fibrous extension that extends to the end of sacrum

Olfactory 1

Smell

Optic 2

Vision

Oculomotor 3

Eye muscles

Trigeminal 5

Face movements (eyes, nose, lips)

Abducens 6

Turns the eye laterally

Trochlear 4

Superior oblique eye muscle

Cerebral peduncles

Carry sensory information to the thalamus

Facial 7

Some taste, facial expression

auditory 8

Hearing & equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal 9

Taste, swallowing

Vagus 10

Important in autonomic nervous system

Accessory 11

Swallowing, sternlcleidomastoid/trapezius

Fornix

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus

Hypoglossal

Tongue movements, speech

Pons

Movements, balance, control breathing

Pineal gland

Produces melatonin

Corpus callosum

Connect L and R cerebral hemispheres

Thalamus

Relay station for all sensory impulse except smell to the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger , thirst, body temp, sex drive

Pituitary gland

Hormones

Cerebellum

Balance, movements

Corpora quadrigemina

Control of eye movements

Layers of spinal nerves

1. Epineurium ( surrounds the nerve)

2. Perineurium ( surrounds fascicles)

3. Endoneurium ( surrounds axons)