solutions

mass percent

mass of solute / mass of soln x 100

vol percent

vol of solute / vol of soln x 100

mass by vol percent

mass of solute / vol of soln x 100

ppm

no of parts / total parts x 10⁶

mole fraction (X1)

n1/ n1 + n2

molarity

W2/M2 x 1000/V

molality

W2/M2 x 1000/W1

henrys law

p = k X

state henrys law

ths s of gas in liq is prop to the partial p of gas above surface of soln

state roults law

partial vp of a component is prop to it's mole fraction in the soln

roults law

p = X1 Po1 + X2 Po2

daltons law of pp

p1 = y1 p tot

Ideal soln

n hexane n heptane

bromoethane chloroethane

benzene toluene

non ideal +ve

carbon disulphide acetone

ethanol acetone

non ideal -ve

phenol aniline

chloroform acetone

min azeotrope

ethanol water

max azeotrope

nitric acid water

azeotropic mixture

binary mixtures having the same composition in liq and vp and boil at const temp

lowering of vp

Po1 - P1 / Po1 = X2

expanded for lowering of vp

W2/M2 x M1/W1

tb w m

tb = kb m

tb

kb x W2/M2 1000/W1

tf w m

tf = kf m

tf

kf x W2/M2 1000/W1

standard osmotic p

π = crt

osmotic p

W2/M2 RT/V

i

normal molar mass / abnormal molar mass