CHAP 29 - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

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144 Terms

1
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The primary germ layers include the mesoderm, the endoderm and the ___

ectoderm

2
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After ejaculation and during sperm migration, what occurs that allows a sperm to penetrate an egg?


Capacitation


3
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Following fertilization, the genetic material of each gamete is contained within which of the following?


Pronucleus

4
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Match each stage of the gestational period to its time frame.

  • Fetal Stage

  • Preembryonic stage

  • Embryonic Stage

  • Fetal Stage - week 8 to week 38

  • Preembryonic stage - day 0 to day 16

  • Embryonic Stage - day 16 to week 18

5
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The first 16 days of development is called which stage?


Preembryonic

6
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What are the three primary germ layers?

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Ethryderm

Myoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

7
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What is the correct order of development during the preembryonic stage?


Zygote, morula, blastocyst


8
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During sperm migration, the membrane of the sperm head becomes more fragile. This change is part of a process called

capacitation

9
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What are the cells formed by the first cleavage of the fertilized egg called?


Blastomeres

10
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What is a zygote?


A fertilized egg


11
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In which embryonic stage is an offspring during the third trimester?


Fetal

12
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During which prenatal stage do cleavage and implantation occur?


Preembryonic stage

13
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The process by which a blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus is called

implantation

14
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The ____ stage of development comprises the first 16 days of pregnancy.

preembryonic

15
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What is the cell division that occurs in the earliest stages of zygote development called?


Cleavage

16
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A single-celled, fertilized egg is known as a(n)

zygote

17
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Which developmental stage is complete once the blastomeres arrange to form the three primary germ layers?


Embryogenesis

18
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What is the process in which cells migrate to form the three primary germ layers called?

Gastrulation

19
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When does implantation normally occur?


Day 6 after ovulation


20
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What is the outermost germ layer?


Ectoderm

21
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Which prenatal stage occurs between fertilization and implantation?


Preembryonic

22
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The term ____ refers to the mitotic divisions that occur in the first three days after fertilization.

Cleavage

23
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In which process do the germ layers differentiate into organs and organ systems?


Organogenesis

24
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What is embryogenesis?


The arrangement of a blastomere into 3 primary germ layers

25
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During the embryonic stage, what forms on the uterine wall?


Placenta

26
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The ____ is the germ layer that will form, among other structures, the inner layer of the digestive tract.

endoderm

27
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The folding of the lateral margins of the embryonic disc around the sides of the yolk sac encloses a longitudinal channel known as the primitive ____

gut

28
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Choose all that are functions of amniotic fluid.

-To allow development of the lungs

-To protect the fetus from temperature fluctuations

-To protect the fetus from trauma

-To produce blood during the early stages of development

-To allow development of the lungs

-To protect the fetus from temperature fluctuations

-To protect the fetus from trauma

29
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The process of ____ is the differentiation of the primary germ layers into organ and organ systems.

organogenesis

30
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The ____ sac arises from cells of the hypoblast and produces the first blood cells.

yolk

31
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When does the embryonic stage of development begin?

When the three germ layers are first present, at about 16 days


32
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What are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm?


Primary germ layers

33
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The folding of the lateral margins of the embryonic disc around the sides of the yolk sac encloses a longitudinal channel known as which of the following?


Primitive gut

34
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Which structure is attached to the uterine wall and provides nutrients to the developing fetus?


Placenta

35
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At term, how much amniotic fluid is in the amniotic cavity?


700 to 1000 mL

36
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Which forms the foundation for the umbilical cord and the part of the urinary bladder?


Allantois

37
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Placental nutrition reaches the developing conceptus via a tube of blood vessels called the ____ cord

umbilical

38
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During the embryonic stage, what forms on the uterine wall?


Placenta

39
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At about 8 weeks and once all organs system are present, a conceptus is then called a(n)

Fetus

40
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Decidual cells of the endometrium play what role during early development?


They nourish the conceptus.;

After implantation the conceptus receives trophoblastic nutrition consisting of decidual cells of the endometrium.

41
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The ____ is a disc-shaped organ attached to the uterine wall that provides nutrition to the fetus via the umbilical cord.

placenta

42
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In the developing fetus, blood from the umbilical vein bypasses the liver and empties directly into the vena cava by way of a vessel called the ductus
____

venosus

43
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The function of ____ fluid is to protect the embryo from infection, trauma, and temperature fluctuations, allow freedom of movement, and allow development of the lungs.

amniotic

44
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<p>In the figure, the ductus venosus is labeled ____</p>

In the figure, the ductus venosus is labeled ____

B

45
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The blood vessels within the umbilical cord include two umbilical ____ and one ____.

arteries, vein

46
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An infant up to 4 weeks old is classified as a(n)

neonate

47
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During development, an individual is known as what from the beginning of the ninth week through birth?


Fetus

48
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For the first 8 weeks after implantation, the conceptus is nourished by which type of nutrition?


Trophoblastic

49
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A neonate's first breath requires a large effort to inflate its collapsed alveoli.


True;

Because the lungs are non-functioning in utero, the alveoli in a fullterm neonate are collapsed. It does require significant effort to expand them.

50
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During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via which vessel?


Ductus venosus


51
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The proximal part of each umbilical artery becomes what after birth?


Superior vesical artery

52
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In the figure, the umbilical artery is labeled

D

53
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What is an infant up to 6 weeks old called?


Neonate


54
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An infant weighing under 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) is considered __________

premature

55
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What is a fetus?


A conceptus after 8 weeks of development


56
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In the first two weeks following birth, about how many breaths per minute does a neonate take?


45

57
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In some neonates, the foramen ovale does not close to form the fossa ovalis. This is an example of which of the following?


Congenital anomaly;

A congenital anomaly is the abnormal structure or position of an organ at birth.

58
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Why does the pathway of circulation change after birth?


To allow gas exchange to occur in the new environment

59
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<p>In the figure, the ductus venosus is labeled <span><br></span></p>

In the figure, the ductus venosus is labeled

b

60
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An infant is considered premature if they are under which weight?


2.5 kg (5.5 lbs)


61
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The study of birth defects is known as

teratology

62
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During development, an individual is known as what from the beginning of the ninth week through birth?


Fetus

63
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Agents that cause anatomical deformities in the fetus are called

teratogen

64
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A congenital anomaly is also called what?

A birth defect


65
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The substance that causes more birth defects than any other drug is

alcohol

66
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The proximal part of each umbilical artery becomes what after birth?


67
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Choose four signs of fetal alcohol syndrome.


Webbed toes

Small head

Hyperactivity

Poor attention span

Malformed facial features

Gigantism

Small head

Hyperactivity

Poor attention span

Malformed facial features

68
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<p>In the figure, the umbilical vein is labeled <span><br></span></p>

In the figure, the umbilical vein is labeled

C

69
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What does teratology study?


Birth defects

70
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Environmental agents that cause mutations are called what?


Mutagens

71
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What is a teratogen?


What is a teratogen?


72
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What causes more birth defects than any other drug?


Alcohol

73
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The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis is known as

Nondisjunction

74
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Which disorder is characterized by a small head, cleft palate, cardiac and central nervous system defects, malformed facial features, and behavioral signs including hyperactivity, and poor attention span?


Fetal alcohol syndrome

75
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The term ____ refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes

Aneuploidy

76
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Any change in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of organismal structure or function is known as a(n)

mutations

77
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If during meiosis II nondisjunction occurred and the resulting zygote had only a single copy of chromosome 14, this would be an example of which of the following?


Monosomy 14


78
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Agents that cause anatomical deformities in the fetus are called

teratogen

79
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The condition of having three copies of a chromosome is known as

trisomy

80
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What is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis called?


Nondisjunction

81
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Monosomy


Monosomy is when a cell lack a chromosome. It is one potential result of nondisjunction which is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate.

82
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Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy or the presence of an extra chromosome or the lack of a chromosome is the result of nondisjunction which is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate.

83
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The anomaly that results from when a zygote has 3 X chromosomes is called ____

triplo x syndrome

84
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The presence of an extra chromosome or lack of one is called what?


Aneuploidy

85
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Klinefelter syndrome results from which genotype?


XXY;

XYY results in XYY syndrome, XO results in Turner syndrome and XXX results in triplo-X syndrome.

86
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<p>In the figure, the ductus arteriosus is labeled <span><br></span></p>

In the figure, the ductus arteriosus is labeled

A

87
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Which disorder results from having three copies of chromosome 21?


Down syndrome

88
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What is monosomy?


The lack of a chromosome

89
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The term ____ refers to the degenerative changes that occur with aging.

senescence

90
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What is trisomy?


The presence of an extra chromosome


91
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Which degenerates at a faster rate?


Glomeruli of kidneys

92
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Which disorder is associated with the presence of three X chromosomes?


trisomy X

93
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The syndrome that results when a zygote has 2 X chromosomes and a Y chromosome is called ____ syndrome

Klinefelter

94
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What is the genotype of someone with Down syndrome?


Trisomy 21


95
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Why does hair turn grey?


Melanocytes die out.


96
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The degeneration that occur in an organ system after its peak functional age is called what?


Senescence

97
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Aging changes that occur naturally over the course of time are called what?


Intrinsic

98
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Which describes the relative senescence of different organ systems?


Organ systems degenerate at different rates.

99
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Bone loss that is severe enough to compromise physical health and activity is known as

Osteoporosis

100
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Which disorder is characterized by the presence of XXY, resulting in a sterile male with underdeveloped testis, abnormal breast development, and unusually long arms and legs?


Klinefelter syndrome