Anatomy and Physiology Test Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts in Anatomy & Physiology, including cell organelles, diffusion, osmosis, homeostasis, negative feedback, and positive feedback.

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

It produces most of the cell's ATP.

What is the function of ribosomes?

They build proteins.

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

It modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

How is diffusion defined?

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

In which direction do particles move during diffusion?

Particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What happens to particle movement when equilibrium is reached during diffusion?

Particles continue moving even at equilibrium, but there is no net movement in one direction.

What is an everyday example of diffusion mentioned in the notes?

Perfume spreading through a room.

How does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion?

Diffusion slows as the concentration difference becomes smaller.

What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

In which direction does water move during osmosis?

Water moves toward the side with the higher solute concentration.

What happens to a cell when water moves into it?

The cell swells.

What happens to a cell when water moves out of it?

The cell shrinks.

What happens to the net movement of water when water concentration is equal on both sides?

There is no net movement of water.

What does homeostasis mean?

Homeostasis means maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.

Why is homeostasis important for the body?

It is important because cells and enzymes function best within certain internal ranges.

What are five examples of homeostasis listed in the notes?

Regulating body temperature, water balance, breathing rate, heart rate, and blood glucose.

What is the function of negative feedback?

Negative feedback counteracts an initial change and moves a condition back toward its normal range.

What is the basic pattern of negative feedback?

change \rightarrow detection \rightarrow response \rightarrow movement back toward normal.

How are sweating and shivering categorized in terms of feedback mechanisms?

Sweating when body temperature rises and shivering when body temperature drops are both examples of negative feedback.

How is the body's response to a meal an example of negative feedback?

Blood glucose returns toward normal after a meal through negative feedback.

What change in cortisol levels occurs after stress passes as an example of negative feedback?

Cortisol levels decrease toward normal, helping to restore homeostasis.

What is the function of positive feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies the original change until an event is completed.

What sequence of events illustrates positive feedback during childbirth?

contractions \rightarrow oxytocin \rightarrow stronger contractions.

How does blood clotting demonstrate positive feedback?

Platelets attract more platelets until the clotting event is completed.

What is the key distinction between diffusion and osmosis?

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from higher to lower concentration, whereas osmosis is specifically the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is the key difference between positive feedback and negative feedback?

Negative feedback counteracts an initial change to return a condition toward normal, while positive feedback amplifies the original change until an event is completed.