Psychological Theories and Concepts

A collection of flashcards focusing on key psychological theories, concepts, and terms related to motivation, development, and emotional theories.

Motivation

The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

Drive Reduction Theory

A theory stating that our behavior is motivated by biological drives, such as hunger or thirst, and that we take action to meet those needs.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards such as money or praise.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards, such as personal satisfaction or enjoyment.

Arousal Theory

The theory that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological theory proposing that humans have five levels of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body burns energy while at rest to maintain vital functions.

Achievement Motivation

The drive to pursue and attain goals, often associated with success and accomplishment.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A theory suggesting that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.

Subjective Well-Being

Individuals' self-assessment of their happiness and life satisfaction.

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

The tendency to adapt to a new situation until it becomes the norm, which affects satisfaction.

Teratogens

Substances that can cause developmental malformations in an embryo or fetus.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and cognitive difficulties.

Cognitive Development

The progression of thinking abilities from infancy through adulthood.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

A theory detailing how children's cognitive abilities develop in stages from birth to adolescence.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

A theory outlining the impact of social experience across the whole life span.

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development

A theory that explains the development of moral reasoning in children.

Secure Attachment

A strong emotional bond characterized by trust and a secure base for exploration.

Authoritative Parenting Style

A parenting approach that is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands.

Cognitive Decline

The gradual decrease in cognitive function, often seen in older adults.