AP HUG FINAL

every map projection has what

Distortion

What can be distorted in maps

Shape, area, direction, distance

Mercator map projection

Shows accurate direction, used for naval exposition

But distorts in size and location land mass (ex. Green land is shown larger in Africa)

Goode homolosine projection

Shows true size and shape

But distorts in distances near the edges

Robinson projection

Preserves size and shape,

Distorted near the poles

Gall Peter’s projection

More accurate in size

Distorts shape and direction

Reference maps

Informational maps that’s shows boundaries, names and geography features

Used for direction, Display property lines, political boundaries and transportation routes

Topographical map

A kind of reference map, shows contour lines to display the terrain and elevation changes in a area

The closer the lines, the steeper the train is.

The more space there is the less Elevation is changing

Absolute direction

The exact direction a person is heading

Ex. If you were traveling south the compass would be at 180 degrees

Relative direction

Direction given in relation to another’s objects current location

Absolute distance

The exact distance between two places or objects

Measured in quantitative terms like miles or kilometers

Relative distance

The approximate measurement between two places

Ex. Driving to Orlando from nyc would take about 23 hrs

Thematic maps

A map that displays spatial pattern of places and uses quantitative data to display specific topics

Chloropleth maps

Display data by using different colors of shades to show different quantities

Dot density

Places point on a map where the data is occurring, shows the spatial distribution of data

Spatial analysis

The process of analyzing pattern and relationship within an area

Ex: distribution of natural resources or the movements of people and goods

Graduated symbol map

Uses symbols to show the location and the amount of data

Isoline maps

Uses lines to connect different areas that have similar data

Ex: weather map shows areas with similar temperatures

Cartogram map

Shows data by representing the greatest value as the largest area

Flow line maps

Shows movement of goods or ideas or people between different places

Remote sensing

A process of collecting information about the Earth surface from satellites orbiting the Earth

GIS

A computer system that can collect analyze and display geographic data

creates layered which gives geographers insight into the spatial associations and patterns of satellites

GPS

A network of satellites are used to determine the location of something on the earth surface

People use this to navigate between different places or find specific spots

Landscape/photo analysis

helps geographers better understand changes to an area and can show the impact humans may have had the environment done by studying images, captured by Geo spatial technology, looking at photographs or observing video recordings to see wildlife vegetation the geography and other physical elements

Qualitative data

This data is subjective they will differ, depending on who is collecting it and how it is being collected

type of data is often collected through observations

example of this gate that would be the approval rating of your schools lunch that the information will differ every time you conduct

Quantitative data

Objective, this information may be collected by a country census ,

Ex. The population pyramid to better understand how many people are in each age group

Local scale

not seeing much of the surface but I’m able to see lots of details of an area

Good for understanding exactly where data points are occurring

National scale

lose some of the detail however, I am now able to see different spatial relationships occurring within a countries borders

Small scale map

A map that shows a large proportion of the earth surface, but has less details in the data

Govs used this to see the needs and plan for the future on a global levels

Large scale map

Lots of details but see less of the surface

Ex. County map

super national organization

An alliance, which consists of multiple countries, traditionally, three or more, that were together to achieve common goals or specific issues that impacts the states. Example United Nations, NATO. EU

Absolute location

Is an exact location on the Earth surface it uses longitude and latitude

think about your phone and GPS the name of the location may change over time, but those coordinates will always remain the same

Relative location

Relation a place has to the surrounding area

for example if I was to describe my location using the different buildings around me or geographic features of the area

Sense of place

This is an emotional response that helps form a person’s perception of a place

Time space compression

The reduction of time it takes for something or someone to get from one place to another. This counters of distance decay.

Distance decay

The effect of distance on the cultural or spatial interactions, the larger the distance, the less interaction

This has decrease bc technology made it easier for people to connect regardless of the distance

Environmental determinism

The environment that’s the possibilities for humans society

dictates the success of a society certain environment

Environmental possiblism

Which is the idea that the environment put a limit on a society but people have the ability to adjust the physical environment and create their own success

Scale of analysis

how data is organized

Scale

How much of the earths surface is being viewed

Functional/nodal region

Geographic area organized around a center-point

Ex. Airport

Vernacular/perceptual region

Geographic area with perceived common characteristics, no perfect definition

Formal/ uniform regions

Geographic area of common characteristics

Arithmetic density

Population/amount of land

Physiological density

Population/arable land

Agricultural density

Farmers/arable land

CBR

Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive

CDR

Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive

NIR

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

TFR

Average number of children a Woman would have

Dependency rate

The number working people in the country who support people in a country who cannot work

Sex ratio

Ratios of men to women

Doubling time

The amount it takes for population to Double size

Stage 1

High stationary

The demographic transition model is categorized by low growth.

CBR: high CDR: High NIR: stable

Sharp triangle shape

Stage 2

Early expanding

When we move into stage two is when the Industrial Revolution or the medical revolution occurs

CBR: high CDR: falls rapidly NIR: rapid increase

Triangle

Stage 3

Late expanding

CBR: falling CDR:falls more slowly NIR: increase slows down

Rectangles triangle

Stage 4

Low stationary

Women finally get more opportunities in society, economic, and social

CDR: low CDR: low NIR: falling then stable

Rounded monty mole

Stage 5

Declining

our death actually rise above our birth, and we start to see our population decline

Epidemiological model

Causes of death in each stage

Pro natalist

Policies that will motivate citizens to have more kids and increase the population growth

Antinatalism

Motivates people to have less kids

Malthusian

The population would continue to grow exponentially, and our food production would only grow arithmetically, and eventually we would hit a point where we exceed our caring capacity

NeoMalthusians

says We need to look at all of the world resources, and they believe that eventually will hit a time where our population will exceed the Earth carrying capacity and then again will hit that catastrophe

Transhumance migration

Seasonal movement of Livestock

Intraregional migration

A permanent move within one region of a Country

chain migration

A process in which legal immigrants sponsor a family member for an immigration

Step migration

migration that occurs in stages

Guest worker

A migrant is given temporarily legal status to work

Transnational migration

Migration that happens over international borders

Cultural relativism

when we view a culture through their perspective we do not hold the culture to our cultural standards

Ethnocentrism

Judge based on our own social norms and cultural standards

Cultural landscape

comprises the different land used patterns of society. It’s made up of agricultural practices, different religious and linguistic characteristics, different architectural styles, or other way culture has expressed itself in the physical features of the landscape or settlement.

Relocation diffusion

Hearth starts to shrink we’re not seeing new people take on the cultural trait instead we have movement from one place to another.

Expansion diffusion

The amount of people participating in a cultural trait is growing.

Hierarchal diffusion

Diffusion happpens through a system, top down

Contagious diffusion

that spreads it all directions allowing for everyone to have access to the cultural trait without any barriers

Stimulus diffusion

which is when a cultural trait diffuse and adapt to the different cultural traits of the area that it’s diffusing to

Acculturation

People retain the original culture are also adopting aspects of a new culture

Assimilation

People lose their original culture traits when they join a culture

Syncretism

two cultures was coming in contact with each other and the result is a new culture

Multiculturalism

when various ethnic and cultural groups coexist in a society

Universalizing religions

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism

Ethnic religions

Judaism, Hinduism

Nation

made up of a group of people of a shared history, a shared cultural identity, and a history of self determination

State

an entity that has a permanent population, sovereign government and is recognized by other states

Nation state

Made up of one nation, is a homogenous state

is the opposite of a multinational state

Multinational state

State made up of multiple nations and agreed to live in peace

Multistate nation

Nation that exists in multiple states

The Korean nation in North Korea and also South Korea

Stateless nation

Nation with no state

Ex, the Kurds

Autonomous regions

areas within a country that have been granted a degree of self-governance. They have some control over their own laws and policies, but they're still under the authority of the central government.

Self determination

Their right to be able to govern themselves without any influence from external powers or other states

Shatter belt regions

regions that are caught between two external fighting powers

Neocolonialism

The form of controlling a country without actually controlling their economic or political influence

to influence a country and control them without directly occupied or sending troops in

Relic boundaries

Boundaries that no longer exists, still impact cultural landscape

Ex. Berlin Wall

Antecedent boundaries

Boundaries that existed before human settle ment

Subsequent boundaries

Boundaries based on ethnic groups and cultures

Consequent boundaries

Boundaries that are she’s to divide different cultural groups

Superimposed boundaries

boundaries created by a foreign state

Ex. is the majority of the African countries. If we look at the scramble for Africa, we can see that Europeans created most of those boundaries

Geometric boundaries

Boundaries that are straight lines and goes with the paralllels of latitude

Law of the sea

The Law of the Sea is a body of international law that governs the rights and duties of states regarding the use of the world's oceans.

Maritime zones are areas of the ocean over which a coastal state has varying degrees of authority. These zones extend from the coastline and include the territorial sea(12), contiguous zone(24), exclusive economic zone (EEZ 200), and the continental shelf. Each zone grants different rights and responsibilities to the coastal state.