Chapter 6: Ionic and Molecular Compounds

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73 Terms

1
electrons
The ________ in a nonpolar covalent molecule are distributed symmetrically.
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2
metals Sn
The ________ and Pb in Group 4A lose electrons to form positive ions.
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3
compounds
Most of the elements, except the noble gases, are found in nature combined as ____.
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4
Electrons
________ may accumulate more in one part of the molecule than another, which forms a temporary dipole.
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5
valence electron energy
One explanation for the stability of noble gases is that they have a filled ______ level.
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6
octet
In the formation of either an ionic bond or a covalent bond, atoms lose, gain, or share valence electrons to acquire an *_______* of eight valence electrons.
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7
Octet Rule
The tendency of atoms to attain a stable electron arrangement provides a key to our understanding of the ways in which atoms bond and form compounds.
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8
Ionic Bonds
Occurs when the valence electrons of atoms of a metal are transferred to atoms of nonmetals.
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9
Octet Rule
The tendency of atoms to attain a stable electron arrangement provides a key to our understanding of the ways in which atoms bond and form compounds
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10
Ionic Bonds
Occurs when the valence electrons of atoms of a metal are transferred to atoms of nonmetals
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11
Covalent Bonds
Occurs when atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons
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12
Positive Ions
The loss of electrons
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13
Ionic Charge
A positive electrical charge
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14
Cations
Positively charged ions
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15
Negative Ions
The gain of electrons
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16
Anion
A negatively charged ion
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17
The elements in Group 7A gain one electron to form ions with a 1
charge
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18
The elements in Group 6A gain two electrons to form ions with a 2
charge
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19
The elements in Group 5A gain three electrons to form ions with a 3
charge
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20
Ionic Bonds
The ions are held together by strong electrical attractions between the oppositely charged ions
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21
Formula Unit
The lowest ratio of the ions in an ionic compound
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22
Examples
Potassium iodide, Magnesium bromide & Aluminum oxide
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23
Polyatomic ion
A group of covalently bonded atoms that has an overall ionic charge
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24
Molecular Compound
It contains two or more nonmetals that form covalent bonds
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25
Double Bond
It occurs when two pairs of electrons are shared
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26
Triple Bond
It occurs when three pairs of electors are shared
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27
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A bond between atoms with identical or very similar electronegativity values
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28
Polar Covalent Bond
Occurs when bonds are between atoms with different electronegativity values, and the electrons are shared unequally
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29
Dipole
A polar covalent bond that has a separation of charges
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30
Covalent Bonds
Occurs when atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons.
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31
Positive Ions
The loss of electrons.
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32
stable electron arrangement
In ionic bonding, ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to form a _____.
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33
Ionic Charge
A positive electrical charge.
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34
Cations
Positively charged ions.
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35
Negative Ions
The gain of electrons.
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36
nonmetal
In an ionic compound, a ____ atom gains one or more valence electrons to obtain a stable electron configuration.
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37
Anion
A negatively charged ion.
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38
Group 1A
The elements in _____ lose one electron to form ions with a 1+ charge.
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39
Group 2A
The elements in _____ lose two electrons to form ions with a 2+ charge.
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40
Group 3A
The elements in _____ lose three electrons to form ions with a 3+ charge.
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41
Group 7A
The elements in _____ gain one electron to form ions with a 1– charge.
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42
Group 6A
The elements in _____ gain two electrons to form ions with a 2– charge.
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43
Group 5A
The elements in _____ gain three electrons to form ions with a 3– charge.
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44
Group 4A
The nonmetals of _____ 1142 do not typically form ions.
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45
Ionic Bonds
The ions are held together by strong electrical attractions between the oppositely charged ions.
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46
positive ions
This ions are formed by metals losing electrons
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47
Negative Ions
These ions are formed when nonmetals gain electrons.
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48
chemical formula
The ____ of a compound represents the symbols and subscripts in the lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms or ions.
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49
subscripts
The _____ in the formula of an ionic compound represent the number of positive and negative ions that give an overall charge of zero.
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50
Formula Unit
The lowest ratio of the ions in an ionic compound.
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51
Polyatomic ion
A group of covalently bonded atoms that has an overall ionic charge.
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52
covalent bond
When atoms share electrons, the bond is a _____.
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53
molecule
When two or more atoms share electrons, they form a ____.
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54
bonding pairs
The ______, are shown as two dots or a single line between atoms.
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55
Double Bond
It occurs when two pairs of electrons are shared.
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56
Triple Bond
It occurs when three pairs of electors are shared.
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57
electronegativity
The _____ of an atom is its ability to attract the shared electrons in a chemical bond.
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58
Fluorine
_____ has the highest electronegativity which has a value of 4.0.
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59
Metal Cesium
_____ has the lowest electronegativity which has a value of 0.7.
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60
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A bond between atoms with identical or very similar electronegativity values.
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61
Polar Covalent Bond
Occurs when bonds are between atoms with different electronegativity values, and the electrons are shared unequally.
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62
Dipole
A polar covalent bond that has a separation of charges.
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63
Valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
The electron groups are arranged as far apart as possible around the central atom to minimize the repulsion between their negative charges.
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64
minimal repulsion
According to VSEPR theory, ______ occurs when two electron groups are on opposite sides of the central C atom.
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65
Linear electron-group
This gives the CO2 molecule a *_____* geometry and a linear shape with a bond angle of 180°.
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66
trigonal planar
Minimal repulsion occurs when three electron groups are as far apart as possible around the central C atom, which gives 120° bond angles. This type of electron-group geometry is ____.
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67
tetrahedral
When there are four atoms attached to four electron groups, the shape of the molecule is _____.
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68
Nonpolar Molecule
* It also occurs when polar bonds cancel each other because they are in a symmetrical arrangement.
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69
Polar Molecules
  • One end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end.

  • It occurs when the dipoles from the individual polar bonds do not cancel each other.

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70
Dipole-Dipole Attractions
These are attractive forces that occur between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another.
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71
Hydrogen Bonds
These occur between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and the partially negative nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom in another molecule.
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72
Dispersion Forces
  • These are very weak attractions that occur between nonpolar molecules.

  • The electrons in a nonpolar covalent molecule are distributed symmetrically.

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73
temporary dipole
Electrons may accumulate more in one part of the molecule than another, which forms a ______.
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