Pulse Anatomy Exam 2

the abdominal cavity extends superiorly from the _______ _______ to the _______ ______ inferiorly

abdominal diaphragm, pelvic inlet

what is found in the abdominal cavity

much of the gastrointestinal tract, parts of the urogenital organs, and all associated arteries, veins, and nerves

what is the hard boundary that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity

the diaphragm

what is the purple

thoracic cavity

what is the yellow

abdominal cavity

what is the green

pelvic cavity

what is the red on the top

abdominal diaphragm

what is the red on the bottom

pelvic diaphragm

what is the blue

perineum

is the abdominal cavity a hard boundary?

no

what are the functions of the abdomen?

contains the major elements of the GI system, spleen, and parts of the urinary system, assists in breathing, and changes in intra-abdominal pressure (pressure in the abdomen) assist in voiding the bladder/rectum, and child birth

the primary openings for structures of the thorax to pass through are:

vena caval foramen (T8 level) for the inferior vena cava and some branches of R. phrenic nerve, esophageual hiatus (T10 level) for the esophagus anterior from the L. vagus nerve and posterior to the vagal trunks from R. vagus nerve, and the aortic hiatus (T12 level) for the aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic duct

what is the mnemonic for the primary openings for the structures of the thorax to pass through

I Ate 10 Eggs At 12 (inferior vena cava T8, esophagus (T10), and aorta (T12)

the abdominal surface topography divides the abdomen into ____ quadrants and ___ regions

4, 9

what are the 9 region divide of the abdomen

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, and left iliac region

what are the 4 quadrant divide of the abdomen

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant

the anterior abdominal wall is composed of layers. from superficial to deep, they are:

skin, superficial fascia of (camper’s fascia and scarpa’s fascia, in that order), muscles, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum

camper’s fascia is the

fatty layer

scarpa’s fascia is the

membranous layer

what are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep:

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus

the muscle fibers of the anterior abdominal wall begin

laterally, pass anteriorly and terminate as an aponeurosis

what is an aponeuosis

flattened tendon for muscle attachment

what is the red box

rectus abdominus

what is the red box

external oblique

what is the red box

internal oblique

what is the red box

rectus sheath

what is the red box

transversus abdominus

what is the red box

sternum

what is the red box

tendinous intersections

what is the red box

linea alba

what is the red box

umbilicus

what are the muscles that run lateral?

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus

what are the muscles that run medial?

rectus abdominus and rectus sheath

what is the rectus abdominus enclosed in

the rectus sheath

what is the rectus sheath composed of?

the fused aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal wall muscles

what muscle has no proper tendon, but has an aponeurosis that spans across the abdomen from the midline

external oblique

what is the fiber orientation for external oblique muscles

supero-lateral to infero-medial (hands in your pockets)

what is the action of the external oblique muscle

compresses and supports the abdominal viscera and flexes (bending forward) and rotates the trunk (moving side to side)

what is the green

external oblique muscle

what muscle has no proper tendon, but has an aponeurosis that spans across the abdomen from the midline

internal oblique

what is the fiber orientation of the internal oblique?

infero-lateral to the supero-medial (hands on your chin)

what is the action of the internal oblique

compresses and supports the abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates the trunk

what is the green?

internal oblique muscle

what is the deepest of the abdominal wall muscles and has no proper tendon, but has an aponeurosis that spans from across the abdomen from the midline

transversus abdominis

what is the fiber orientation of the transversus abdominis

transverse/horizontal

what is the action of the transversus abdominis muscle

compresses and supports the abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates the trunk

what is the green

transversus abdominis

which muscle is the only vertically oriented muscle of the abdominal wall and has paired muscles separated by linea alba

rectus abdominis

with the rectus abdominis muscle, each one has multiple bellies separated by

tendinous intersections

what is the action of the rectus abdominis

flexes trunk and tenses abdominal wall

the aponeuroses of the other muscles create the ______ _____ which surrounds the rectus abdominis muscles

rectus sheath

what is the green

rectus abdominis, and the bellies (white lines between the little pouches) are the tendinous intersections

the grey in the middle is the

linea alba

what lines run along lateral edges of rectus abdominis and is the site of union where aponeuroses of external and internal obliques muscles meet the rectus sheath

semilunar lines

aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique muscles merge together at the _____ _____ along the midline of the two parallel rectus abdominus muscles

linea alba

what is the red box?

external oblique

what is the red box?

internal oblique

what is the red box?

semilunar line

what is the red box?

linea alba

what is the red box?

umbilicus

what is the red box?

rectus abdominis

rectus abdominis muscles are enclosed in _______ and ______ which are in other words the _____ ______

aponeuroses, fascia, rectus sheath

above the arcuate line is the

anterior and posterior rectus sheath

the anterior rectus sheath is composed of above the arcuate line

external and internal aponeurosis (above the umbilicus)

the posterior rectus sheath is composed of above the arcuate line

internal and transversus aponeurosis

what is the transition that occurs midway between umbilicus and the pubic symphysis. it is visible on the deep surface of anterior abdominal wall; place where the anterior rectus sheath disappears

arcuate line

what is the red box

parietal peritoneum

what is the red box

transversalis fascia

what is the red box

linea alba

what is the red box

rectus abdominis

what is the red box

internal oblique

what is the red box

transversus abdominis

what is the red box

external oblique

below the arcuate line there is

no posterior rectus sheath, only transversalis fascia and peritoneum present posterior to rectus abdominus

what is in the anterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line

external aponeurosis, internal aponeurosis, and transversus aponeurosis

what is the posterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line

there is none; it is what is below the belly button and since this area is soft, it is prone to hernia’s

a condition in which part of an organ (or fat) is abnormally displaced and protrudes through the cavity in which it normally resides

hernia

what are the 3 conditions of hernias?

a point of weakness (gap in muscle for ex), pressure, and something to protrude

what is common in newborns as a result of a defect in the linea alba. fat or sometimes intestines push through the layers of the anterior abdominal wall at near the umbilicus. can be a problem if the tissue is trapped (i.e. bowel becomes incarcerated, or lack of fully fused linea alba)

paraumbilical hernia

the arterial supply of the superior part of the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by

musculophrenic arteries and superior epigastric arteries (both branches of the internal thoracic artery)

the arterial supply of the interior part of the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by

inferior epigastric arteries (branches of the external iliac arteries)

both of the superior and inferior epigastric arteries are _____ to the anterior rectus sheath, but ________ to the rectus abdominis muscles

deep, superficial

if there is a blockage in the superior epigastric artery, will you still get blood and why?

yes because the external iliac artery branches blood from the inferior portion

what are the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall

skin, superficial fascia (campers fascia and scarpas fascia), external abdominal oblique msucle, internal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis muscle, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, parietal peritoneum

is this above or below the arcuate line? how do you know?

below because there is no post rectus sheath

in the inguinal region, what is the band of connective tissue that extends from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle?

inguinal ligament

what is formed by the free inferior border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

inguinal ligament

the inguinal ligament demarcates the division between the

abdomen and the superior thigh

what is the green, second line of the left

inguinal ligament

what is the green, first line of the left

ASIS

in the inguinal region, what is the short passage that allows structures to pass from inside the abdomen to the external genitalia

inguinal canal

the inguinal canal is situated

superior and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament

in males, what is found in the inguinal canal

spermatic cord

in the inguinal canal of females, what is found

round ligament of the uterus

the beginning and end of the inguinal canal is marked by two openings which are

deep inguinal ring (inside ab. wall /entrance), and superficial inguinal ring (outside ab. wall/exit)

when does the inguinal canal form

during the development of female or male gonands

from deep to superficial, the inguinal canal passes through/what is the pathway?

deep inguinal ring in transversalis fascia, transversus abdominis muscle, internal oblique muscle, superficial inguinal ring in the external oblique aponeurosis

in the internal abdominal wall, the umbilical folds are

raised ridges of parietal peritoneum covering underlying structures

when is the umbilical folds function?

during fetal development and some are still functional

what are the 5 umbilical folds

median umbilical fold (unpaired), medial umbilical folds (paired), lateral umbilical folds (paired)