Unit 4 world CPX renneker

Causes of European Exploration

Crusades gave access to Asia

European trade with Asia
- Spices (fav) Used for: food, perfume, and medicine

Drive to explore
- Countries wanted direct access to Asia & "spice islands"
- Countries paid Italy for trade then wanted to cut them off so they would make $ instead of loosing $

Moluccas - spice islands

Improved technology
- Map making (accuracy)
- Astrally, determines latitude in the sea (accuracy)
- Bigger and better ships

Portugal explores the seas

Portugal under Prince Henry - wanted to explore Africa

The African Coast Mapped
- Wanted to map out Africa
- Built small forts as home base while sailing to map it out
- Did not take over (temporary)

Portuguese footholds in Africa
- First Portuguese explorers in Africa (furthest they got was the Southern Tip, Cape Town "the cape of good hope")

Beyond Africa: Reaching India
- Wanted to go past the cape of good hope to get to India
- Cape is where Atlantic and Indian ocean meet
- Made Portugal a world power (they sailed the furthest)

Columbus searches for a route to Asia

Reaching faraway lands
- Christopher Columbus (3 ships)
- October 12th landed in Caribbean islands
> Thought he landed in the Indies/"Indians"

Spain and Portugal divide up the world
- Treaty of Tordesillas and the Line of Demarcation

Naming the Western Hemisphere
- America
- Place where Columbus landed : "West Indies"

The search for a route to the pacific

Ferdinand Magellan sets sail
- Going West wanted to hit the Pacific Ocean
- Straight of Magellan

The long way home
- Magellan was killed in the Philippines
- 3 years to get around the whole world

Magellan's voyage

- September of 1519 (Spain) -> November 1520 -> March of 1521 (Philippines) -> Spain
- 1 out of 5 ships survive
- 18 of 270 men survive
- not enough food

European Expansion in Africa

The Dutch settle Cape Town
- The first European settlement in Africa
- Boers (Dutch farmers in Africa)
- Would battle African people often

The British and French Explore
- parts of Africa/Nile river

Portugal builds an Empire in Asia

- Albuquerque in India
- Mughal Empire
- Portuguese take over Goa off the coast of India, which would become military base
- Trading port with India
- Instead of Italy being in charge of trade between Europe and Asia, the Portuguese are now b/c Goa
- Portuguese made small impact on Asia
- Not tolerant of their ways

Rise of the Dutch and Spanish

- Dutch East India company -> quickly gaining a lot of Sea power (full sovereignty)
- Other countries were tightly controlled by their government
- Dominating trade in the Indian Ocean, b/c they were able to do what they want
- Spanish would sail to, colonize, and take over Philippines
- Easily conquered b/c each island was disconnected
- Tried to convert Philippines to Christianity (main goal)
- The Spanish trade network : first trade network to connect the world

Europeans trade in Mughal India

- Important to the Spice trade
- More powerful than any other European country or Empire (fav trade buddy)
- never felt threatened by others
- lots of turmoil in their own empire, religious turmoil, lots of debt, raised taxes
- Weak government during time of European countries coming to build their forts
- French and English looking for power
- Making alliances w/ India + setting up their own army there
- Indian soldiers serving in French or English trading companies
- Fought over American land

Ming China and Europe

- Ming empire didn't want to be involved with Europe
- China didn't trade much, but if they did, they demanded gold or silver
- Set up trading island right off the coast of China, Europeans only had a season of trade (could not trade year round)
- Europeans sent Christians over to China in attempt to convert them (didn't go very well)

The Manchus conquer China

- Quing dynasty would come and take over the Ming dynasty (expanded economy)
- They would get 2 main crops from America: corn and potatoes
- Quing dynasty would restrict foreign traders (hurt them in the long run)

Korea and Japan choose Isolation

- Europeans started training w/ Korea and Japan
- Japan invading Korea to take over
- Didn't work out b/c China succeeded in invading Korea
- Korea adopted a policy of isolation (about 250 years, caused art and literature and other things to flourish)
- Japan trading w/ Western world
- Japanese government killed people that converted to Christianity

first encounters

Columbus conquers the Tainos
- Tainos - villages, Grew corn, yams and cotton to make cloth (friendly at first)
- Spanish began to assault and seize their people, killed resistors (required each Tainos to give a set amount of gold or be killed)

Conquistadors - conqueror

Guns, horses and disease
- Guns and cannons > arrows and spears
- Metal armor
- Natives had never seen horses before (scared)
- Smallpox, measles, and influenza (wiped out 90% of native population in the 1500s)

Cortes conquers the Aztecs

Cortes arrives in Mexico
- Hernan Cortes (Cuban landowner)
- Big ego + loved riches
- 1519, Mexico, 600 men, 16 horses, and some cannons
- Malinche (young native, translator and advisor)

Moctezuma's dilemma
- Aztec emperor
- Thought Cortes could have been a long loss god-king (urged him to stop, he refused)

Cortes take Tenochtitlan
- Capital of Aztec empire
- Spanish tried to convert Aztecs to Christianity
- 1521, demolished the capital and built Mexico City

The Incan Empire and Beyond

Present-day Peru
- Francisco Pizarro
- Arrived right after civil war

Pizarro and the Spanish Triumph
- Better weapons
- Diseases killed off Incans

Beyond Spain's Empire
- Brazilian Natives, 1530s began land grants
- Brazilwood economy
- Turned to plantation agriculture and raising cattle

Challenges to Spain and Portugal
- Spain most powerful country in Europe
- Smugglers and pirates

Governing the Spanish Empire

Royal official rules the provinces
- Maintain strict control
- Council of the Indies, to pass laws for the colonies, viceroys for each province

Missionaries spread Christianity
- Spanish forced European culture on natives
- Baptized thousands and built churches

Regulation of trade
- Silver and gold
- Export only raw materials to Spain and could buy only Spanish manufactured goods
- Sugar, molasses, and rum

Forced Labor
- Encomienda System, conquistadors demanded labor or tribute, those who resisted were hunted down and killed
- Enslaving people from Africa, caused brutal trade

Spanish priest condemns these actions
- Condemned the encomienda system

Society and culture in Spanish America

A society of unequal classes
- Peninsulares
- Creoles
- Mestizos

Thriving towns and cities
- Mexico City 1550 - largest Spanish-speaking city in the world

Educational opportunities
- University of Mexico - 1551
- Harvard - 1636
- Women wanting to be educated entered convents

A blending of cultures
- Buildings, food, and African drama and dance

Impact of Spanish Colonization

Spain wins wealth and power
- 1500s - American colonies = cash cow
- Most powerful country in Europe

American Indian Suffering and Resistance
- Conquest of Americans brought suffering and death to native Americans

New France

French exploration begins
- Explored Canada (Newfoundland Canada, "New France")
- Jacques Cartier (named Canada)
- Trade with Natives (fur trade)

New France grows slowly
- Hard to farm and grow crops due to the cold (people were uninterested in moving there)
- farmers began fishing

Royal power and economic growth
- French King paid to send people to Canada and Louisianna

13 English Colonies

Jamestown -> Virginia
- First established colony
- Roanoke, "lost colony" (first attempt before Jamestown)
- Mayflower compact

Plymouth -> Massachusetts
- Pilgrims (protestants that wanted religious freedom)[bloody -Mary persecuted them in France]
- Buds with natives -> thanksgiving

Expansion and Prosperity
- Enslaved Africans for labor

Limited Self-Government
- Governors elected by the English King within the American colonies
- Spain and France had no freedom
- Salutary Neglect

A Power Struggle Begins

A race for colonies
- France - Canada
- Britain - East coast
- Spain - Louisianna

Britain and France in a global struggle
- French and Indian War (part of 7 years war)
- French + Indians (L) vs British (W)
- Treaty of Paris 1763
- Ended 7 years war
- British is top dog in North America

The African Slave Trade Expands

Slavery throughout History
- Started with Romans

Europeans enter the slave trade
- Portuguese went and got slaves then the rest of Europe proceeded to do the same
- African aristocrats/kings would trade slaves for European goods

African Resistance
- Some people thought it was wrong and others were indifferent

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Triangular Trade
- 1st: Taking manufactured goods to Africa
- Middle Passage (2nd) - Enslaved Africans going to the Americas
- 3rd: Raw Resources going to Europe (cotton/tobacco)
- Very profitable for Europe and the colonies

Merchants, Industries, and cities thrive
- Free labor and money for products

Horrors of the Middle Passage

Forced march to the ships
Forced to march to coast (100s to 1000s of miles/deaths)

Packed aboard "floating coffins"
- Chained up and packed in boats
- 3 weeks to 3 months
- Disease rose death toll
- Stacked crates (slaves could not move)
- Suicides Jumping from ship, starvation, hangings

Impact of slave trade

Asante Kingdom & Oyo Empire
- Most powerful kingdoms
- Sold people into the slave trade

Slavery and the Americas

The Colombian Exchange

A global exchange
-Named after Christopher Columbus

Exchanging food and animals
- Lots of new things
- Spread of disease
- Horses, pigs, turkeys

Population Growth
- Increased food supply

Movement of people and ideas
- Cultures changing and mixing

A Commercial Revolution

The Price Revolution
- Inflation : rise of prices (printing money causes this)

Free Enterprise
- New business system
- Privately owned (government minds its Ps and Qs)

New Business Methods

Entrepreneurs bypass guilds
- Starting your own business

Mercantilism

The value of colonies
- Producing things that Europe doesn't
- Strict rules of control by "mother countries" (helicopter mom stealing your Christmas money instead of you buying something)

Increasing National Wealth
- Tariff : tax on import and exports (causes people to by things from within their country)

Impact on European Society
- Took a century for Europe to entirely feel the impact of the colonists (rich get richer but poor don't get anything)