Human Anatomy Exam 1 Review

Professor Aranda @ UTA

Term for the study of the structure of the human body?

Anatomy

Term for the study of the body’s function?

Physiology

What are the subdisciplines of anatomy?

Gross anatomy (ie regional and systemic), surface anatomy, and microscopic anatomy

What is the hierarchy of structural organization? (from simplest to most complex)

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal

Description of which level of organization:

Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form the macromolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Chemical level

Description of which level of organization:

Cells and their surroundings are made up of molecules.

For example, a phospholipid molecule is a structural component of the plasma membrane.

Cellular level

Description of which level of organization:

Tissues consist of similar types of cells and associated extracellular material.

For example, epithelial tissue forms the inner lining of blood vessels.

Tissue level

Description of which level of organization:

An organ is a discrete structure made up of multiple tissue types.

Examples include blood vessels, the liver, brain, and femur.

Organ level

Description of which level of organization:

An organ system is a unified group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function.

The example shown here is the cardiovascular system, showing blood vessels, blood, and the heart.

Organ system level

Description of which level of organization:

The whole person is the most complex level of organization, the ___ ___, resulting from the simpler levels working interdependently.

Organismal level

Name the 11 organ systems of the human body.

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, respirartory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

Description of which body system:

• Forms external body covering

• Protects deeper tissues from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D [signals GI to absorb calcium]

• Site of cutaneous receptors

  • (Pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

Integumentary System

Description of which body system:

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides a framework for muscles

• Blood cells formed within bones

• Stores minerals [ie Ca, and phosphate]

Skeletal system

Description of which body system:

• Allows manipulation of environment

• Locomotion

• Facial expression

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Muscular system

Description of which body system:

• Fast-acting (and short lived) control system

• Responds to internal and external changes (stimuli)

• Activates muscles and glands (ONLY)

Nervous System

Description of which body system:

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate:

  • Growth

  • Reproduction

  • Nutrient use

• Slow acting, long lasting

Endocrine system

Description of which body system:

• Blood vessels transport blood

  • Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide (hydride ion, H-)

  • It also carries nutrients and wastes

• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Description of which body system:

• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels (serves as a drain for the body)

• Returns fluid to blood

• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system

• Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)

• Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

• Four major body fluid categories: Water, cytosol [intracellular fluid found inside cells], blood [plasma], and interstitial fluid [extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces b/w cells and tissues])

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Description of which body system:

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

Respiratory system

Description of which body system:

• Breaks down food into absorbable units

• Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

Digestive system

Description of which body system:

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

• FYI: Water always follows solute

Urinary system

Description of which body system:

• Overall function is to produce offspring

• Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

• Male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

• Female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

• Mammary glands produce milk

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Fill in the blank:

• System of measurement in anatomy is the ___ ___.

  • Meter

  • Centimeter

  • Micrometer

  • Liter

  • Milliliter

  • Kilogram

  • Gram

metric system

Fill in the blanks:

Anatomical Terminology -

• Based on ancient ___ or ___

• Provides ___ nomenclature worldwide

Greek, Latin, standard

Fill in the blanks:

An intro to gross anatomy -

• Regional and directional terms

  • ___ ___ —a common visual reference point

    • Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

    • Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Anatomical position

The axial region includes?

head, neck, and trunk (torso)

What are the two regional terms?

axial and appendicular

Review: parts of the body and their corresponding regions from an anterior/ventral view

Okay

Review: parts of the body and their corresponding regions from a posterior/dorsal view

Okay

Which pair of directional terms apply to both the axial and appendicular systems?

Medial/lateral

Which pair of directional terms apply only to the appendicular system?

Proximal/distal

Re: Orientation and Directional Terms

Okay

Fill in the blanks:

Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal planes

  • Extend vertically

  • Divide the body into right and left parts

    • Median (___) plane

      • Sagittal plane that runs along the midline, results in equal R and L halves

    • ___ planes

      • A sagittal plane offset from the midline

Midsagittal, parasagittal

Description of which body plane?

Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Frontal (coronal) plane

Description of which body plane?

Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse plane