inheritance ( the things that aren't on the bio carousel)

What causes cystic fibrosis

gene mutation - causing a non functioning CFTR protein channel - chloride ions can’t move out of the epithelial cells - accumulation of sodium and chloride ions in the cells causing water to move out of mucus by osmosis

what does cystic fibrosis cause

the production of thicker/stickier mucus

what’s the role of the CFTR protein

chloride ions leave cells ( through CFTR protein channel) - sodium ions leave cells ( following the chloride ions) - increasing solute concentration in mucus - water moves out of the cells by osmosis into the mucus

advantages and disadvantages of NIPD ( non invasive prenatal diagnosis)

non invasive, less traumatic procedure and no increased risk of a miscarriage but its only available for chromosome disorders such as Down’s syndrome

what is incomplete dominance

an allele whose characteristic is not completely expressed over its paired recessive allele. the result is a phenotype that is a combination of the two alleles.