Name the 4 major parts of the brain
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Name the 3 regions of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata
Name the 3 major regions of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Name the 4 lobes of the brain found in each cerebral hemisphere
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Differentiate between grey, sulci, and fissures
Fissures form the deep furrows, while the sulci are the shallow ones. The ridge between the sulci are the gyri.
How does the location of the white and grey matter in the cerebrum, differ from that in the spinal cord
White matter sits externally to the grey matter in the spinal cord.
The cerebrum, grey matter is external and white matter is internal
What is Cerebrum
The largest and most superior part of the brain, divides into the convoluted cerebral hemispheres by a deep longitudinal fissures
What is Diencephalon
Between the midbrain and the corpus callosum, composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, and the hypothalamus
What is the Brainstem
The stalk-like lower portion of the brain, composed of all the brain except the cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon
What is the Cerebellum
A large portion of the brain that's posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum, responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination and memory of learned motor skill
Where is white matter located
inner core
Where is grey matter located
outer area / cortex surrounding the white matter in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and nuclei
Nuclei
Clusters of neuron cell bodies found only in the CNS
Ganglia
Found in PNS
Tracts
Collection of axons
Tracts are found within the CNS
Nerves
Collection of axons
Nerves are found in the PNS
Dura Matter
"Tough mother"
Outermost layer, strongest of the 3 meninges
Pain sensitive
Double layered membrane
Arachnoid Matter
Web like and avascular
Loose brain covering
Separated from the dura by the subdural space
Separated from the Pia by the subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid space contains the CSF and the blood vessels
Pia Matter
"Gentle mother"
Thin and highly vascular
Clings tightly to the brain and follows ever
Define the ventricles of the brain
The ventricles of the brain contains CFS
Production
The choroid plexuses and the cell lining the ventricles
Circulation
Subarachnoid space
what are the 3 functions
Mechanical protection
Chemical protections
Circulations
Mechanical protection
Floats brain and softens impact with bony walls
Chemical protections
Optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials
Circulations
Nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream
State the significance of the blood-brain- barrier
Protects the cell from some toxins and pathogens
Maintain stable environment for the brain
Tight junctions seal the cells of the capillaries ( supported by astrocytes)
Describe the concept of the brain lateralization
Is the different functions of the left and right hemisphere of the brain
Damage to 1 hemisphere or the other can produce different problems
State why the cerebral hemisphere control the opposite side of the body
The 2 hemisphere of the brain control opposite sides due to crossing over the medulla
When they cross the left nerves are now on the right side of the body and the right on the left
What is the cranial nerves by name and number
12 pairs
Can be motor, sensory, or both
Pass through the various foramina of the skull
Forebrain
CNI and II
Mid-brain
CNII and IV
Pons
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla
CN VII, IX X, XI, AND XII
Olfactory
I
Mostly sensory
Optic
II
Mostly sensory
Occulomotor
III
Mostly motor and parasympathetic fibres
Trochlear
IV
Mostly motor
Trigeminal
-V
Mostly sensory and motor
Abducens
VI -Mostly motor
Facial
VII
Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibres
Vestibulocochlear
VIII
Mostly sensory
Glossopharyngeal
IX
Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibres
Vegus
X
Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic fibres
Accessory
XI -Mostly motor
Hypoglossal
XII
Mostly motor
How do the parts of the brain develop
The parts of the brain develop from secondary vesicles
Describe the effects of aging on the nervous system
Loss of neutrons
Diminished capacity for sending nerve impulses to and from the brain
Diminished ability to process information
Decreased conduction velocity -Slowing of voluntary motor movements
Increased relax time
Degenerative changes in visions, hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch , and balance
What are the parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus -Midbrain
Pons -Medulla Oblongata -Cerebellum
Pituitary Gland