HISTORY- CRIME AND PUNISHMENT- INDUSTRIAL PERIOD 1700-1900

Industrial only mock revision for mocks in November YOU GOT THIS!!!

What type of crimes were there in industrial period?

• petty theft

• drunkenness

• soliciting- prostitution

• murder

• manslaughter

• smuggling-people wanted more access to cheap goods

Name some more crimes!!!

• poaching

• highway robbery= lots of isolated and improved roads for robberies to take place+more people were travelling(also no banks at the time so people would be carrying lots of money)

• Failure to send kids to school (after 1870)

• Factory acts- employing kids under age

• Asking for higher wages- Tolpuddle Martyrs- they asked for more money and were punished by transportation as the gov was scared of rebellion.

• Blackening your face.

Why? What factors led to a change in crimes?

• there was a changing attitude toward crime

• key individuals

• poverty+wealth-highway robbery petty theft

• gov- wanted to remain in control of crimes

• high moral principles in the Victorian era

• urbanisation (towns)

• growth of industry and trade- more goods for people to steal. rapid rise in population- more potential offenders+victims.

• City centres became more crowded so assault increased.

What was the bloody code?

A legal system which meant that the number of offences punishable by death rapidly increased.

By 1800 the number of capital crimes was at its highest 222. Even minor crimes were given the death penalty.

why was the bloody code introduced?

To act as a detterent

Bloody code crimes examples

• murder

• arson

• forgery

• cutting down trees

• stealing from a shipwreck

• wrecking a fishpond.

What was pious perjury?

Many juries practised ‘pious perjury’, often finding people not guilty or reducing the amount stolen to avoid the crime being a capital offence.

What changes were made to indurstial law inforcmenet? Comment on the difference from Early modern

In early modern there were parish constables+night whatchmen who were not armed, poor pay and unproffesional.

Industrial= 1748 Bow street runners

Police force grew

Explain what Bow street Runners are

1748 Bow Street Runners were introduced.

Henry Fielding was chief magistrate in the court in BOW STREET London. He had no faith in constables. He appointed 6 men to act as “runners” or “professional thief takers”.

Why were bow street runners introduced?

As industrial towns grew the constable and night whatchmen became less fit for purpose.

Henry Fielding also had no faith in them.

Feautures of Bow street runners

• Paid a guinea a week plus a share of any rewards later.

• Henrys brother John continued the idea and made it permanent. Founded in 1749

• They had no uniform

• better training+equipment than night watchmen and Pcs

Did Bow street runners solve all of crimes issues?

Nope. They were a HUGE, HUGE, HUGE step for law enforcement but they weren’t perfect

Not perfect, they still had no uniform, were privately run and only in 1 area (Bow street).

How long did Hue and cry continue for?

It continued until late 1800s.

When was the Met police act and what was it?

1829. It was where all areas of London had their own police division- uniform set up by Robert peel in 1829- they wore blue tail coats+top hats.

What was the Rural constabulary act and when was it?

1839: All rural areas set up their own police force.

1842 Scotland….

Yard detective branch

1856 Police act meant ….

All counties in UK had to by law have a police force.

What was the 1869 National Crime records

crimes were recorded and kept on registers

1878 CID…

Investiaget crimes- Scotland Yard

What major thing happened in 1929 with the police and robert peel??? Think of Peelers and Bobbies!

Met police 1829

R.P passed the law for the introduction of the met police force (London) where they were set up in divisions.

They were nickamed “peelers” and “bobbies” after Peel.

They also Wore clothes that would blend them in with citezens

What factors helped to start up the met police and kickstart a new dive into law enforcement?

Peeterloo Massacre

• Gov was terrofied of the french revolution and didnt want this to happen in English.

• Henry Hunt was giving a speech to protestors who wanted a right to vote

• Magistrates were scared of a rebellion so sent soldiers over to break up the meeting

• Soldiers came in on horses with weapons and 15 people were killed and over 600 were injured.

• It showed the countries need for better law enforcement

Increase in wealth

• more people wanted to protect their wealth and more wealth meant people had more money for people to pay taxes and thus fund a police force.

Growth in towns

What did Robert peel believe in?

Crime prevention rather than relying on punishments as a deterrent.

What did JPs do

worked in courts and dealt with minor crimes

What did Royal judges do and when?

Visit countries 4x per year. They were experts in law and judged serious crimes.

What punishments were there?

• Fines

• Whipping/flogging

• Ducking (came to an end in 1801)

• Mutilation (ended in 1823)

• Pillory abolished in 1837 and stocks wre last used in 1872

• transportation America+australia ended in 1875

• h/d/q used until about 1750

What is the Black Act and Bloody Code

The Waltham Black Act in 1723 established the system known as the bloody code which imposed the death penalty for at 1800 222 crimes

What were some issues with prison?

• Jailors recieved no pay so were dependent on bribes

• Cramped, unsanitary conditions. Newsgate desinghed for 150 prisoners but had 275

• Prisons were mainly for those awaiting trial so there were innocent people mixed in with deadly criminals.

• men, children, kids, innocent and the insane were all mixed in together

• each prison was run by the Gaoler in his own way- no rules

What else was wrong with prisons?

• If you had money you could pay for privelages- private rooms, better food, more visitors, pets, letters, books to read etc. YOU COULD EVEN PAY FOR SOMEONE TO SERVE YOUR SENTENCE FOR YOU.

• John Howard Thetford “A small dungeon jail down a ladder of 10 steps with a small window.

WHICH KEY INDIVIDUALS IMPROVED THE STATE OF PRISONS

Robert Peel RP

John Howard JH

Elizabeth Fry EF

What did RP do?

introduced the 1823 Gaols Act

benefits of the 1823 gaols act?

• Prisoners were seperated into groups, this meant that hardened criminals were no longer mixing with 1st time offenders.

• All prisoners should attend chapel+recieve religious instruction.

• Magistartes have a duty to visit their local prisons and check up on them

• Prisons must be healthy with Fresh Water supply and proper drainage and proper food+no pets.

• Prison wardens should be paid

• male and female seperated

What did John Howard write?

“The state of prisons in England and Wales”

What did JH do to help prisons?

• He toured Britain+europe in the 1770s and 1780s to try and discover better ways of running prisons.

• He called for prisoners to have christian teaching, work and decent food+visited by chaplains, docs, clean prisons and prison guards to be paid.

What came from JH?

As a result parliament passed the 1774 Gaols Act. Most Gaolers ignored the act but John was still important as later reformers built on his ideas (R.P). Howard was motivated by his faith to improve prisons.

WHo was Eliabeth FRy?

A quaker who was outraged at conditions for female prisoners in London Newgate Prison.

What did she do?

• She visited regularly and saw the hundered of women imprisoned and their conditions.

• She provided clothes and bedding to prisoners

• taught inmates skills like knitting.

• she set up a school and a chapel in prison

• In 1817 she founded the “Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners”

Why were prisons reformed though?

• Gov- clear bloody code wasn’t working, needed new system

• key individuals- E.F, R.P, J.H

• Population growth- crime was increasing as well

• changing attitudes- punishments should equal crime severity.

Prison act of 1839 introduced the seperate system? What was this?

• It protected prisoners influencing each other

• gave prisoners silence with their own thoughts and the bible

• deter people

• seperation+isolation- prisoner time to reflect+improve behaviour.

Give an example of seperate system and explain it

Pentonville prison (its design was influenced by the seperate system).

• seperate cells (alone for 23 hours a day)

• cells had thick walls- no communication

• they had piped water and small basin and toilet (improved living conditions but ensured that prisoners wouldnt have the opportunity to leave their cells)

• Prisoners wore “peak caps” when together

• and they had no names just numbers.

• prisoners had exercise+chapel for short period but face masks were worn during exercise and in chapel they wore masks and sat in individual cubicles.

• work was laborious+repetitive- oakum picking,

What was the issue of seperate system?

Led to insanity and suicides.

Pentonvile found 220 insanity cases, 210 delusions and 40 sucides.

CHANGE

NOW A MORE HARSH SYSTEM….

1865 Prison Act

No1 aim: DETER

The name?

SILENT SYSTEM!!!!

wait…. but why was there a need for a change?

Transportation had ended, public executions ended+bloody code. Prisons were now the main form of punishment.

Silent system Aim

• Inforce a strict, uniform regime of punishments in all prisonss

• they wanted the conditions to reform prisoners and deter them from ever committing crimes again….

Silent system features

• Prisoners were expected to be silent at ALL TIMES. If you broke the rule you would be whipped or on a diet of bread and water.

• Hard wooden bunks- “hard board” replaced hammocks- deliberately uncomfortable.

• Food was described as “hard fair” adequate but boring, same thing every. single. day.

• Hard labour- prisoners to work for several hours a day on deliberately pointless work.

Silent system routines

1. prisoners had to work the crank in their cell- expected to turn it 20x a minute, 10,000 x a day for over 8 hours. Guards could tighten the screw making it harder. This gave guards the nicknames “the screws”

2. Some prisoners walked on giant treadmills.