HUSH Midterm 2

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1492

Christopher Columbus’s first voyage, initiating European exploration of the Americas. Context: Launched the Age of Exploration, leading to cultural exchanges and colonization.

1519

Hernán Cortés begins conquest of the Aztec Empire. Context: Expanded Spanish influence, paralleling Columbus’s impact.

1607

Establishment of Jamestown by the Virginia Company. Context: First permanent English settlement, driven by profit motives.

1619

First enslaved Africans arrive in Virginia. Context: Laid foundation for plantation economy, tied to Jamestown’s growth.

1620

Passage of the Mayflower Compact by Plymouth settlers. Context: Established self-governance principles for the Plymouth Colony.

1681

William Penn receives the charter for Pennsylvania. Context: Founded a Quaker colony emphasizing religious freedom.

1692

Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts. Context: Reflected Puritan social tensions, contrasting Penn’s tolerance.

1754

Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity events, sparking the French and Indian War. Context: George Washington’s actions escalated colonial conflicts.

1763

Treaty of Paris signed, ending the French and Indian War. Context: Britain gained French territories, reshaping North American geopolitics.

1776

Declaration of Independence adopted. Context: Built on colonial governance ideas from the Mayflower Compact.

1869

Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. Context: Fueled Gilded Age industrialization, complementing leisure developments like baseball.

1876

Founding of the National League (baseball). Context: Signified growing American leisure culture amid industrialization.

1881

Assassination of President James A. Garfield by Charles Guiteau. Context: Exposed patronage flaws, prompting civil service reform.

1888

Introduction of the Kodak camera by George Eastman. Context: Revolutionized photography, making it accessible to the masses.

1898

Spanish-American War begins, influenced by yellow journalism. Context: Shows media’s growing power, linked to Pulitzer’s work.

1903

Wright Brothers’ first powered flight at Kitty Hawk. Context: Marked a milestone in aviation and technological innovation.

Jane Addams

Founded Hull House to aid immigrants with education and job training. Context: Leader in the Settlement House Movement, addressing urban poverty.

Grover Cleveland

Elected president in 1884 on an anti-corruption platform, vetoing excessive bills. Context: Supported by Mugwumps, opposed Gilded Age excesses.

George Washington

Served in the French and Indian War, including the 1754 Fort Necessity surrender. Context: Early military role shaped his Revolutionary leadership.

Christopher Columbus

Initiated European colonization of the Americas through 1492 voyages. Context: Sparked global exploration and exploitation.

Joseph Pulitzer

Launched the New York World in 1883, pioneering investigative reporting. Context: Contributed to yellow journalism’s rise.

William Penn

Granted charter for Pennsylvania in 1681 as a Quaker haven for religious tolerance. Context: Modeled inclusive colonial governance.

Charles Guiteau

Assassinated President Garfield in 1881, citing Stalwart patronage grievances. Context: Catalyzed the Pendleton Civil Service Act.

Carl Schurz

Led the Mugwumps in bolting the Republican Party for reform in 1884. Context: Advocated for merit-based governance.

William James

Developed pragmatism, emphasizing practical consequences in philosophy. Context: Influenced Gilded Age intellectual and educational reforms.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designed Central Park, influencing the City Beautiful movement. Context: Pioneered urban planning for civic pride.

John Smith

Led Jamestown through early hardships, enforcing discipline. Context: Complements Virginia Company’s role in 1607.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay, promoted “City upon a Hill” vision. Context: Contrasts Penn’s Quaker tolerance with Puritan ideals.

Benjamin Franklin

Negotiated Treaty of Paris (1783), post-French and Indian War. Context: Extends Washington’s era, showing diplomatic outcomes.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel magnate, epitomized Gilded Age wealth and philanthropy. Context: Highlights industrialization alongside Cleveland’s reforms.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker exposing Standard Oil, built on Pulitzer’s journalism. Context: Shows evolution of investigative reporting.

Daniel Burnham

Planned 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, advanced City Beautiful ideals. Context: Complements Olmsted’s urban design legacy.

Settlement House Movement

Urban reform providing services to immigrants.

Example: Hull House offered childcare and job training.

Social Gospel Movement

Christian push to address poverty and injustice.

Example: Clergy supported labor reforms in industrial cities.

Encomienda System

Spanish system exploiting indigenous labor under “protection.”

Example: Forced tribute in colonial Mexico.

Mercantilism

State-controlled trade to maximize national wealth via colonies.

Example: British Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic system trading European goods, enslaved Africans, and

cash crops.

Example: Rum, slaves, and sugar routes.

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement for Plymouth’s self-governance.

Example: Pilgrims’ pledge for collective welfare.

Spoils System

Rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Example: Stalwart patronage under Chester Arthur.

Political Machine

Urban groups trading services for votes.

Example: Tammany Hall’s immigrant support in New York.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

1883 reform requiring competitive exams for federal jobs.

Example: Curbed patronage post-Garfield assassination.

Yellow Journalism

Sensational reporting to boost circulation.

Example: Pulitzer’s New York World exaggerated stories.

Pragmatism

Philosophy valuing practical consequences as truth.

Example: William James influenced experiential education.

Gilded Age

1870s-1900 era of industrialization and corruption.

Example: Railroad monopolies and Crédit Mobilier scandal.

City Beautiful Movement

Urban planning for aesthetics and civic pride.

Example: Olmsted’s Central Park and Chicago’s 1893 Fair.

Middle Passage

Brutal voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Example: High mortality on slave ships.

Joint Stock Company

Pooled investor funds for colonial ventures.

Example: Virginia Company funded Jamestown.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, crops, and diseases post-1492.

Example: Potatoes to Europe, smallpox to Americas.

Great Awakening

1730s-1740s religious revival in colonies

Context: Shaped colonial identity, complementing Mayflower Compact’s community focus.

Salutary Neglect

Britain’s lax colonial oversight pre-1763.

Context: Allowed colonial self-governance, tied to French and Indian War outcomes.

Robber Barons

Gilded Age industrialists exploiting wealth.

Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, contrasting reform efforts.

Muckraking

Early 20th-century investigative journalism

Example: Tarbell’s exposés, building on yellow journalism.

Social Darwinism

Philosophy justifying Gilded Age inequality.

Context: Contrasted Social Gospel’s moral reforms.