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Major categories of microbes
Acellular and cellular microbes
Acellular microbes
infectious particles
Cellular microbes
microorganisms
Cell
The fundamental unit of any living organism
Cells exhibit -
the basic characteristics of life = metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Prokaryote
Archaea and bacteria
Eukaryote
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Cell Membrane of Eukaryote
Separates the contents of the cell from the outside world, regulates passage of nutrients, waste products, and secretions into and out of cell, only certain substances may enter and leave.
Types of cell membrane in eukaryote
Plasma membrane/plasmalemma, cytoplasmic membrane, cellular membrane
Components of the cell membrane in eukaryote
Phospholipid, cholesterol, proteins
Nucleus in eukaryote
Command center of the cell, control the function of the entire cell
Nucleoplasm
The gelatinous matrix or base material of the nucleus
Nucleus membrane in eukaryote
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores in eukaryote
Holes through which large molecules can enter and exit the nucleus
Nucleolus in eukaryote
RNA molecules are manufactured
Chromosomes in eukaryote
Suspended in the nucleoplasm, linear DNA molecules, proteins (histones and nonhistone proteins), Genes
Cytoplasm in a Eukaryote
A semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix, contains insoluble storage granules and cytoplasmic organelles, where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur, cytosol
Ribosomes in Eukaryote
play an important part in the synthesis of proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryote
A network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules
Types of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryote
Synthesizes proteins are transferred into cellular organelles
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryote - synthesizes
Fatty acids and steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryote - Inactives/detoxifies
drugs and other potentially harmful substances
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryote - Stores and releases
calcium ions that trigger contraction in muscle cells.
Golgi complex/Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body in eukaryote
Completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins into mature, functional ones packages them into small, membrane enclosed vesicles. A packaging plant.
Lysosomes in eukaryote - Vesicles that
Originate at the golgi complex
Lysosomes in eukaryote - Contain
lysozyme and other digestive enzyme that break down foreign materials taken into the cell
Lysosomes in eukaryote - Aid in
Breaking down worn out parts of the cell
Lysosomes in eukaryote - May
Destroy the entire cell if the cell is damaged or deteriorating
Peroxisomes in eukaryote - Contain
Enzymes that oxidize certain molecules normally found in the cell, notably fatty acids and amino acids
Peroxisomes in eukaryote - Membrane-bound vesicles
Where hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down through oxidation reaction of amino acids and fatty acids
Peroxisomes in eukaryote - Contains Catalase
That breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Peroxisomes in eukaryote - prominent
In mammalian liver cells
Mitochondria in eukaryote
Power plants, powerhouse, energy factory, where most of the ATP molecules are formed by cellular respiration
Plastids in eukaryote
Membrane bound structures contain photosynthetic pigments, site of photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton in eukaryote
System of fibers present throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton in eukaryote components
microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments
Cell Wall in eukaryote
External structures that provide rigidity, shape, and protection. Pectin, lignin, and mineral salts
Cell Wal in eukaryotel - Cellulose
Of algae and plants
Cell Wall in eukaryote - Chitin
Of fungi, beetles and crabs
Flagella in eukaryote
Large projections that extend from the surface of the cell for locomotion
Examples of microbes with flagella in eukaryote
Bacteria, sperm cell, protozoans
Cilia in eukaryote
Small projections that extend from the surface of the cells
Cilia in eukaryote microbes example
Protozoans, epithelial cells of respiratory tract
Prokaryotic cell structure
10 times smaller than eukaryotic cell. Simple cells compared to eukaryotic cells but are able to perform the necessary processes of life.
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce
Binary Fission
Cell membrane in Prokaryote
similar in structure and function to the eukaryotic cell membrane. Metabolic processes takes place, mesosomes.
Mesosomes
Inward folding of cell membrane where cellular respiration occurs
Chromosome in Prokaryote
450-8,000 genes , codes for enzymes, proteins, and rRNA and tRNA
Nucleoid in Prokaryote
Single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule, serve as the control center of the bacterial cell, single copy per cell
Plasmids
Small circular, double stranded DNA molecules in bacteria, extra chromosomal DNA
Plasmids contain up to
10 to several hundred genes
Plasmids are able to make how many copies
1-20 copies per cell
Plasmids are sometimes present in
Achaea and Eukaryotes
Plasmids contain genes that enhance the survival of an organism either by
killing other organisms or by defending the host cell by producing toxins. Some plasmids facilitate the process of replication in bacteria.
Fertility F-plasmids
Also known as F-Plasmids, contain transfer genes that allow genes to be transferred from one bacteria to another through conjugation
Fertility F-plasmids can be inserted into
Chromosomal DNA
Bacteria that have the F-Plasmid are known as
F-positive and bacteria without it are F negative
When an F+ bacterium conjugates with an F- bacterium. The result is___
Two F+ bacterium, there can only be one F- plasmid in each bacterium.
Resistance Plasmids
Contains genes that help a bacterial cell defend against environmental factors such as poisons or antibiotics
Some resistance plasmids can transfer themselves through__
Conjugation, when this happens, a strain of bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics.
The bacterium that causes gonorrhea has become resistant to antibiotics called quinolones. What is the new class of antibiotics?
Cephalosporins
The bacteria may even become resistant to these antibiotics within five years. What causes this?
Overuse of antibiotics, it may lead to the proliferation of drug-resistant strains.
Virulence Plasmids
Help bacteria infect humans, animals, or even plants, by a variety of mechanisms
When a virulence plasmid is inside a bacterium, what happens?
It turns that bacterium into a pathogen, which causes a disease that can be easily spread and replicated among affected individuals.
The bacterium Escherichia coli has several virulence plasmids. E. Coli is found naturally in the human gut and in other animals, but___
Certain strains of E. Coli can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting.
Degradative Plasmids
Help the host bacterium to digest compounds that are not commonly found in nature, such as camphor, xylene, toluene, and salicylic acid.
Degradative plasmids contain
Genes for special enzymes that break down specific compounds, conjugative.
Col Plasmids
Contain genes that make bacteriocins (also known as colicins),w hich are proteins that kill other bacteria and thus defend the host bacterium.
Bacterions are found in many types of bacteria including E. Coli, where do they get the bacterions?
They get them from the plasmid ColE1
Types of Plasmids
Fertility F-Plasmids, Resistance plasmids, Virulence Plasmids, Degradative Plasmids, Col Plasmids.
Cytoplasm in Prokaryote
Contains water, dissolved oxygen, waste products, essential nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
Cytoplasm particles in Prokaryote
Ribosomes (polyribosomes), cytoplasmic granules that contain starch, lipids, sulfur, iron, and other substances.
Cell Wall in Prokaryote
Defines the shape of bacterial cells, provides rigidity, strength and protection
Cell Wall- Peptidoglycan (murein)
Polysaccharide chains linked together by small peptide (protein) chains.
Cell wall type of bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria in Crystal Violet
All purple
Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria in iodine
All purple
Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria in alcohol
G+ = purple G- = colorless
Gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria in safranin
G+ = purple G- = Red
Glycocalyx was discovered
By Martinez and Palomo in 1970
Glycocalyx in Prokaryote
Slimy gelatinous material produced by cell membrane and secreted outside of the cell wall
A glycoprotein and glycolipid covering
surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells
Glycocalyx types
A slime layer and a capsule
Glycocalyx provides
An extra layer to guard against desiccation
Glycocalyx Protects the cells from
Phagocytosis (S. pnneuomniae)
Glycocalyx is used as an attachment
Such as in tooth decay bacteria (S. mutans)
Slime layer
It is not highly organized and is not firmly attached to the cell wall, thinner, less rigid globular, enable certain bacteria to glide or slide surfaces.
Bacteria with Slime Layers
R-Colonies (dry, rough colonies) and Pseudomonas spp.
Capsule
Highly organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, polysaccharides, lipids and proteins. Negative stain, serve an antiphagocytic function, encapsulated bacteria survive longer in the human body.
Types of bacteria with capsule cell walls
H. Influenzae, K. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, S-colonies (smooth, mucoid, and glistening)
Flagella in Prokaryote
Threadlike, protein appendages that enable bacteria to move. Composed of protein flagellin, not membrane bound, spirochaetes (axial filaments)
Flagella in prokaryote thickness
10-20 nm thick (not observable by compound light microscope)
Atrichous bacteria
Bacteria without flagella
Amphiloportrichous bacteria
The flagellar tuft is present at both ends
Peritrichous bacteria
The entire surface of bacteria possess flagella
Lopotrichous bacteria
With a tuft of flagella at one end
Amphitrichous bacteria
Having one flagellum at each end
Monotrichous bacteria
Possessing a single polar flagellum
Pili / Fimbrae
Rigid, hair-like structures and much thinner and flagella. Not associated with motility, most often observed on G- bacteria, protein PILIN