unit 4 ap psych

Neo-Freudians

Agree with Freud on personality structure but emphasize the conscious mind and less on sex and aggression.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory where actualization is a need that unfolds through individual perception.

Actualization

A need that arises from the desire to achieve full potential.

Deficiency orientation

A focus on unmet needs that can lead to anxiety and unrest.

Growth orientation

A focus on personal development and self-fulfillment.

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on mental processes and their role in personality and behavior.

Activating Event, Belief, Consequence (ABCs)

Ellis' framework for understanding personality formation.

Learned helplessness

A condition in which a person feels unable to escape or improve a situation, often due to negative pattern of thinking.

Social Cognitive Theory

Framework emphasizing interaction between thoughts, behaviors, and social environment.

Reciprocal determinism

Bandura's concept that behavior, personal factors, and environment all interact to influence self-esteem.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.

Self-esteem

One's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth.

Individualist culture

Societies that prioritize personal goals and independence.

Collectivist culture

Societies that value group goals and interdependence.

Cardinal traits

Dominant traits that shape a person's entire personality.

Central traits

Core qualities that form the main traits of our behavior.

Meyer-Briggs Personality Inventory

A tool for measuring personality based on traits.

Attribution

Process of explaining the causes of behavior.

Internal attribution

Explanation of behavior based on personal or dispositional factors.

External attribution

Explanation of behavior based on situational factors.

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal characteristics rather than external situations.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors.

Confirmation bias

The inclination to remember information that supports one's existing beliefs.

Mere exposure effect

Increased liking for an object or person due to repeated exposure.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The phenomenon where expectations about a person lead them to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.

Social loafing

The tendency to exert less effort in a group task compared to when working alone.

Group polarization

The tendency for group discussion to enhance the prevailing attitudes of group members.

Conformity

The adjustment of behavior or beliefs to align with group norms.

Asch’s conformity study

An experiment demonstrating the influence of group pressure on individual judgment.

Motivation

The process that initiates and guides goal-oriented behaviors.

Drive reduction theory

Theory proposing that physiological needs create drives that motivate behavior.

Optimal arousal theory

The idea that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Intrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding.

Extrinsic motivation

Engaging in behavior for external rewards or outcomes.

Lateral hypothalamus

Brain region that stimulates hunger.

James-Lange theory

Theory stating emotions result from physiological reactions to events.

Eustress

Positive stress that can lead to feelings of fulfillment or accomplishment.

General adaptation syndrome

Three-stage response to stress: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

Tend and befriend

Stress response characterized by seeking social support and nurturing.

Type A personality

Characterized by competitiveness, urgency, and high levels of stress.

Type B personality

Characterized by a more relaxed and easygoing attitude.

Problem-focused coping

Coping strategy aimed at addressing the root cause of stress.

Emotion-focused coping

Coping strategy aimed at managing one's emotional response to stress.

Psychodynamic theory

Theory emphasizing the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality.

Id

The unconscious part of personality that contains basic impulses and drives.

Ego

The conscious part of personality that mediates between the id and reality.

Superego

The part of personality that internalizes societal norms and ideals.