CCMA Anatomy and Physiology

Sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right halves not necessarily equally

Midsagittal refers to

an equal division of left and right sides, running along the midline of the body.

transverse plane

Divides the body into superior & inferior sections (upper and lower sections), not necessarily equally

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back sections)

cranial cavity

Within the skull; houses the meninges (brain)

is a part of the dorsal cavity

spinal cavity

protects the spinal cord and connects to the brain and the rest of the body through the nervous system (spinal cord)

Traveling down the midline of the back and formed by the vertebrae

thoracic cavity

supports breathing and circulation, divided into the right and left and right plueral cavities (heart, lungs, major blood vessels)

abdominal cavity

houses most of the digestive organs and nutrient absorption (stomach,liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, intestines)

pelvic cavity

Inferior to the abdominal cavity; houses the bladder and reproductive organs

The abdomen can be divided into how many regions?

9

When body systems perform efficiently, the body achieves what?

homeostasis

What is homeostasis?

State in which the body's systems and biological processes maintain stability

integumentary system

skin, hair follicles, nails, sebaceous (oil glands), and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

skin

bodies largest organ, protects the body regulates temperature, provides sensations, and aids in excretion and vitamin D production

epidermis

outer most layer of skin, made of epithelia cells, provides waterproof barrier, creates skin tone

dermis

the middle layer, thick and elastic, contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands, supports the epidermis and provides nutrients, sensations and flexibility

subcanteous layer

the innermost layer, made of fat and loose connective tissue, cushion and insulates

hair follicle

small stucture in the dermis that produce hair

sebaceous (oil) glands

produce sebum oil substance that keeps skin and hair soft and prevent

bacteria from growing on the skin

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

produce sweat to cool the body

nails

made of keratin a hard protein

axial skeleton

the center core of the body, includes skull, spine, and rib cage

has 80 bones

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton, includes arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis

has 126 bones

ligaments

Connect bone to bone for joint stability

tendons

Connect muscle to bone, allowing movement of limbs and joints. Tendons in the muscular system help avoid muscle injury by absorbing some of

the impact muscles take.

Cartilage/connective tissue

a smooth flexible connective tissue that cushions joints, protects bones, and gives structure to areas. Part of connective tissue found in the

larynx and respiratory tract. It also covers and protects the end of long bones.

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide, covered with cartilage at the joints. Includes femur, humerus, tibia, ulna, radius

short bones

limited movement, cubed shaped, wrists and ankles. Short bones are typically small and round.

Includes carpals and tarsals

flat bones

thin, curved plates, flat, includes skull, ribs, and sternum

irregular bones

complex shape suited to special functions includes vertbrae and pelvis

Sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Red bone marrow

Found within bones, marrow is responsible for producing new blood

cells. This process is known as hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium, which is essential for proper cell function.

skull

protects the brain and forms face structure

cervical vertabrae

neck region (7)

thoracic vertebrae

upper back region (12)

lumbar vertebrae

lower back region (5)

sacrum

Triangular bone at the base of the spine.

Coccyx (tailbone)

small bone at the end of the vertebral collum

scapula

shoulder blade

clavical

collar bone, connects arm to body

humerus

upper arm bone (elbow)

radius

forearm bone on the thumb side

ulna

forearm bone on the pinky side

carpals

wrist bones (8 in each)

metacarpals

wrist bones

phalanges

Finger (and toe) bones, three per finger, two per thumb.

pelvic girdle

hip bones that support the body

femur

thigh bone: the longest and strongest bone

patella

kneecap; protects knee joint

tibia

shinbone; larger weight bearing of the lower leg

fibula

thinner bone on the inner side of the tibia

tarsals

ankle bones

Metatarsals

bones of the foot between ankle and toes

skeletal muscle

attached to bones and causes body movement, conscious/voluntary control

smooth muscle

found in walls of hollow organs , automatic control

cardiac muscle

found only in the heart, automatic control, pumps blood

Tendons

tough cords of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones

ligaments

work with muscles to stabilize jointd

lymph nodes

small bean-shaped glands that filter lymph fluid, produce macrophages and lymphocytes

lymph nodules

Masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages and lymphocytes. Lymph nodules are not encapsulated like lymph nodes.

thymus

produces the mature T cells, white blood cells for defense

spleen

filters blood, and houses immune cells

interstitial fluid

transport immune cells and waste products through the lymphatic system

antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

antibody

a protein made by the immune system to target specific antigens

b-cells

regonize antigens and produce antibodies

t-cells

attack and destory infected or abnormal cells

monocytes

large white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens marked by antibodies

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenared blood back to the heart

capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Endocarcium

smooth surface to reduce friction and protect tissue

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart, responsible for pumping

pericardium

reduces friction and protects the heart from other organs

right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right ventricle

pumps blood to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood. tricuspid, mitral,pulmonary, and aortic

pulmonary circulation

btwn heart and lungs to exchange CO2 for oxygen

systematic circulation

path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body

kidneys

two bean shaped organs that filter blood to remove waste and regulate balances

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

pharynx is apart of what 2 systems?

gastrointestinal and respiratory

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.propels food to stomach

stomach

recieves food and continues breakbdown. propels to small intenstine

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place. and nutrient absoroption

large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body. poop formed

rectum

the end of colon that stores poop

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

liver

produces bile

Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

pancreas

produces enzymes that aid in digestion. regulates sugar

larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

trachea

carries air to the lungs

Lungs

The lungs are two organs that help you breathe. The right (larger) lung has 3 lobes, the left (smaller) lung has 2 lobes, and both are covered by the pleura, a protective membrane.