Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups and Nomenclature — Chapters 1–7 (copy)

Isomerism

The occurrence of compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.

Butanol

An alcohol known for having a higher boiling point due to the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) group, which enables strong hydrogen bonding.

Hydroxyl Group

An -OH group that, when bound to a carbon, defines compounds as alcohols.

Constitutional Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Alkane

A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Substituent

A smaller piece or group attached to a larger molecule.

Cycloalkane

A cyclic hydrocarbon with no double or triple bonds, named with the prefix 'cyclo-'.

Alkene

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Functional Group

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.

Aromatic Compound

A compound that contains a benzene ring or similar structure, known for stability due to delocalized electrons.

Haloalkane

An alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms.

Amine

A compound derived from ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an alkyl or aryl group.

Phenol

An aromatic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly bonded to a benzene ring.

Carboxylic Acid

A compound characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Ester

A carboxylic acid derivative formed where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group.

Amide

A compound containing a nitrogen atom attached to a carbonyl carbon (C=O).

Ketone

A compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two alkyl groups.

Aldehyde

A compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen.

Tertiary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

Primary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is bonded to only one other carbon.

Secondary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

Bond-Line Drawing

A shorthand way to represent organic molecules, illustrating connectivity between carbons.

Terminal Alkyne

An alkyne where at least one carbon of the triple bond is attached to a hydrogen.

Internal Alkyne

An alkyne where both carbons of the triple bond are connected to other carbons.