ss biology unit 10 chapter 6 and 7 test

Consumer

Organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. Example: animals, humans.

Producer

Organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis. Example: plants, algae.

Oxidation

A redox reaction in which bonds are broken and electrons are lost.

Reduction

A redox reaction in which bonds are formed and electrons are gained.

Cellular Respiration Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (energy)

Energy Release in Cellular Respiration

Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken.

Form of Energy in Cellular Respiration

High-energy electrons.

Electron Transporters in Cellular Respiration

NADH and FADH₂ transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

NAD+

Electron carrier (electron shuttle).

When NAD+ Gains Electrons

NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration that breaks glucose into pyruvate.

Two Phases of Glycolysis

1. Energy Investment Phase 2. Energy Harvest Phase

Location of Glycolysis

Cytoplasm (cytosol).

Net ATP Yield of Glycolysis

2 ATP.

Fermentation

Process that regenerates NAD+ when oxygen is unavailable, allowing glycolysis to continue.

Acetyl-CoA Formation

Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA before entering the Krebs cycle.

Location of Acetyl-CoA Formation

Mitochondrial matrix.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Series of reactions that release electrons and produce ATP.

Location of Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrial matrix.

ATP Yield of Krebs Cycle

2 ATP per glucose.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Uses high-energy electrons to generate energy for ATP production.

Location of ETC

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Chemiosmosis

Process that uses a proton gradient to power ATP synthase and produce ATP.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

ATP Produced by Chemiosmosis

About 34 ATP.

Purpose of Chemiosmosis

Convert ADP + Pi → ATP.

Total ATP from Cellular Respiration

Approximately 36–38 ATP per glucose.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Location of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast.

Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reactions and Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).

Electron Carrier in Photosynthesis

NADP+.

Reduced Form of NADP+

NADPH.

Number of Electron Transport Chains in Photosynthesis

Two.

Location of ATP Synthase in Photosynthesis

Thylakoid membrane.

Source of Energy for Photosynthesis

Sunlight.

Why Leaves Appear Green

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs mostly red and blue light.

Pigments

Molecules that absorb light energy. Example: chlorophyll.

Photosystem

Light-absorbing complex used during photosynthesis.

Number of Parts in a Photosystem

Three.

Functions of a Photosystem

Absorb light, excite electrons, and transfer electrons through the ETC.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Convert light energy into ATP and NADPH; release oxygen.

Location of Light-Dependent Reactions

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

Products of Light-Dependent Reactions

ATP, NADPH, and O₂.

Purpose of Water Splitting in Photosystem II

Provide electrons for converting NADP+ to NADPH.

Electrons from Photosystem II Are Used By

Photosystem I.

Photosystem II (PSII)

First photosystem in the light-dependent reactions.

Photosystem I (PSI)

Uses electrons to produce NADPH.

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Use ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into sugars.

Location of Calvin Cycle

Stroma of chloroplasts.

Main Reactant of Calvin Cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Products of Calvin Cycle

Sugars such as glucose.

ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle

Provide energy and electrons needed to build sugars.

Plants and Cellular Respiration

Plants perform both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Animals and Cellular Respiration

Animals perform cellular respiration only.