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Fuselage

Fuselage

Body of plane, typically houses cabin and cockpit

Wings

Attached to fuselage. Front of wing is Leading Edge, back of wing is Trailing Edge. Contains aircraft's fuel supply.

Ailerons

On trailing edge of wings (away from me)

Flaps

Increases lift and drag, on leading edge of wings (facing me)

What happens to the ailerons when you turn the wheel to the right?

The right aileron goes up, the left one goes down.

Empennage

Consists of the fin (the vertical stabilizer), the rudder, horizontal stabilizer, and elevator

Rudder

Helps moves plane's nose left and right

Elevators

Helps move plane's nose up and down

How much does fuel weigh?

6lbs a gallon

How much fuel can the engine hold?

7qts

What does oil do for the engine?

Cleans, cools, and keeps stuff moist

Dipstick should at least be:

6

Trim devices

Attached to the edges of control devices like elevators. Some types of trim devices are anti-servo tabs, trim tabs, ground adjustable tabs, and balance tabs

Landing gear

Supports airplane & absorbs landing loads. Either nosewheel (wheel at front) or tailwheel (wheel at back)

Rear-mounted wheel

Called "conventional" landing gear

Fixed gear

Always remains extended, has advantage of simplicity combined with low cost.

Retractable gear

Can be retracted inside aircraft during cruising flight, reduces drag

What landing gear do most higher performance airplanes have?

Retractable

Oleo Strut

Most widely used type of strut, it is an air-oil shock absorber

Powerplant

Consists of engine and propeller in small airplanes.

Firewall

Located between engine compartment & cock pit, protects aircraft occupants from fire of engine

Propellor

Usually two-bladed, translates rotational force of engine into "THRUST"

Thrust

Foward-acting force, moves airplane through air

Pilot's operating handbook (POH)

Can find info on nearly every make & model of airplanes

Approved flight manual (AFM)

FAA requires all airplanes to be equipped with AFM for each respective airplane

Air Worthiness Certificate

Must be in airplane where passengers can see it

For your plane to be airworthy, an AMT must perform:

Annual inspection, 100-hour inspection, more required inspections, AND make logbook entries approving aircraft for return to service.

Inspections every 12 calendar months:

Annual, emergency locater transmitter (ELT)

Inspection every 24 calendar months:

Transponder

FAR 91.205

REQUIRED AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

Determines what is required to dispatch an aircraft when a system or piece of equipment is inoperative.

Kinds of operating list (KOEL)

Aircraft manufacturers may include additional required items and specify them in this list

Airworthiness Directives (ADs)

Legally enforcable rules governed by FAR part 39, requires correction of unsafe conditions found in an airplane, an airplane engine, a propeller, or an appliance

Semi-monocoque

Stressed skin structure, carries some flight loads

Monocoque

With little or no internal framework, carries all flight loads

Turbine Engine

Relatively costly but extremely powerful, it is in most large passenger carrying airplanes

Reciprocating Engine

More economical, but still very reliable

Turboprop, turbojet

Turbine engines

Radial, horizontally opposed

Reciprocating engines

Four-Stroke Operating Cycle

Intake, compression, power, exhaust. It is basic process of converting chemical energy in fuel into mechanical energy.

Difference between turbine and reciprocating engine?

Turbine engine uses same steps in operating cycle but all four events occur simultaneously

Throttle

Controls engine power by regulating amount of air/fuel mixture that flows into cylinders

Mixture

Controls fuel/air ratio

Carburetor

Mixes incoming air with fuel and delivers it to the combustion chamber

Intake ports

Normally contains air filter that inhibits entry of dust and other foreign objects

Carburetor Icing

When moisture in the air freezes in the carburetor, blocking air from entering. Turn on carb heat.

How to tell if carburetor icing has occurred:

Loss of RPM

Carburetor Heat

Can combat icing, but causes slight decrease in engine power

fuel injection system

More consistent than in engines with carburetors

What are some pros of fuel injection systems?

Increased engine efficiency, offers lower fuel consumption, increased horsepower, lower operating temperature, and increased engine life.

What are some cons of fuel injection systems?

Increased sensitivity to fuel contaminants, more complex starting procedure when engine is hot

Supercharged and turbocharged systems

Enables an engine to produce sea-level performances—even at high altitudes

Supercharger

Usually fuel injected, compresses the incoming air using a pump driven by the engine

Turbocharger

Usually fuel injected, more efficient than supercharger because it pressurizes air using a mechanism driven by engine exhaust gases, which would otherwise be vented overboard

Ignition system

Provides a spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in the cylinders. Made up of magnetos, spark plugs, interconnecting wires, and ignition switch.

Magnetos

Engine-driven unit that supplies electric current to the spark plugs, generates electrical current by itself

Ignition switch

Labeled off, right, left, or both. Can choose to only use left or right magnetos.

Abnormal combustion

Also called detonation, occurs when flame does NOT spread evenly and smoothly through cylinder's combustion chamber. Causes excessive temperatures and pressures which can quickly lead to failure of the piston, cylinder, or valves.

When does detonation occur?

Happens any time you allow the engine to overheat or if you use a lower than recommended fuel-grade

100-hour inspection

Conducted every 100 hours of flight on aircraft that are used to carry passengers for hire or for flight instruction.

When are you allowed to be late for your 100-hour inspection?

If your airplane is going to maintenance, and you have 10 hours to do that.

Preignition

Occurs when fuel/air mixture is ignited in advance of the normal timed ignition; caused by a residual hot spot on a cylinder.

How to fix detonation?

Help cool engine by retarding throttle (reducing engine output) and by climbing at lower rate.

How to fix preignition?

Help cool engine by retarding throttle (reducing engine output), enriching the mixture, and or lowering nose altitude.

Fuel-Pump System

Found in light airplanes with fuel-injection systems to provide sufficient pressure to injector nozzles.

Fuel Pressure Gauge

Detects fuel pump malfunctions

Vapor lock

Difficult and/or impossible to restart the engine, occurs when high engine temperatures causes bubbles of fuel vapor to form

Gravity-feed system

High-wing carburetors typically have these; fuel flows by force of gravity from the fuel tanks to the engine

Pitot Pressure

Used by airspeed only.

Pilot controlled variables that influence lift:

Airspeed, angle of attack

Non-pilot controlled variables that influence lift:

Air density, wind

Vs or Vs⁰

Stall speed (dirty)

Vs¹

Stall speed (clean), flaps and gears retracted

Vfe

Maximum flap extended speed

Vno

Maximum structural cruising speed (normal operating)

Vne

"Never exceed" speed, can result in damage or structural failure.

Va

Max speed without possibility of causing damage, but changes with weight!

Vle

Should not be exceeded when landing gear is extended

Vlo

Max speed at which you can raise or lower landing gear

Why does an airplane stall?

Because it's exceeded the critical angle of attack (16°-18°)

Main battery alternator?

BAT 2

What is the cooldown of a circuit breaker?

2 minutes and you're able to reset

What should you do if you and another airplane are about to have a head-on collision?

Turn right

When do most airplanes stall?

At higher speeds

Fuel tanks

Located in wings, contains air vents that regulate inside air pressure to outside air pressure

Fuel Quantity Gauges

Displays how much fuel in gallons/pounds/metric units. Do not depend solely on this

Fuel Selector Valve

Enables you to select fuel from various tanks

Fuel strainer

removes moisture and other sediments that might be in the system. Contaminents will settle at bottom along with moisture (water)

Refueling

Replenishing with fuel through filler cap. Can refuel yourself or FBO can (fixed-base operator)

Hazard of refueling:

Possible combustion of fuel, probably caused by static electricity that discharges between refueling.

Reduce risk of refueling by:

Ensuring ground wire is attached to airplane before fuel cap is removed from tank

Common fuel for piston-powered:

AVGAS 100LL (100 low lead) -> Blue. Other fuel is AVGAS 82UL (82 unleaded) -> Purple

Aviation fuel

Can lose color and become clear if various fuel grades are mixed

Difference between higher grade and lower grade fuel:

Can use higher grade fuel for short period of time but never use lower grade fuel because it is dangerous.

oil pressure gauge

Indicates pressure in psi, or pounds per square inch, or bars.

Below-normal air pressure

Oil pump not putting out enough pressure to circulate oil throughout engine

Above-normal air pressure

Could be clogged oil line

What do you do when vital engine parts are not receiving the necessary lubrication (oil)?

If oil pressure does not begin to rise within 30 seconds after engine start in warm weather, or 60 in cold, shut down engine!

Oil Temperature Gauge

Check periodically, most important when you are using a high power setting and slower airspeed, such as in a climb.

Cowl flaps

Increases cooling airflow. Underside of engine cowling.