Changing Nature of Warfare topic 1 - artillery, gas, tanks NOT COMPLETE FOR ARTILLERY

when was poisonous chlorine gas first used and who by and against

- 1915 at 2nd battle Ypres

- used by Germans against British

statistic that showed gas was physically ineffective during WW1 and why it was ineffective

only 3,000 British troops actually died from effects of gas

both sides developed gas masks

why was gas mentally effecitive

- terrorised the opposition

- both sides lived in fear of gas attack

when was mustard gas used and by who

Germans in 1915

when was gas first used and how

during WW1 by deploying a canister released on the ground

what 2 cases have gas been used in during our period of study

- British used against Russian Communists in 1919

- Italians used against Abyssinians in 1935

what was the gas devices that the British used against the communists

M- devices (a variant on mustard gas)

how did Italians deploy mustard gas

in planes

by sep 1939, how many gas masks had been given out in Britain

38 mill

how many M-devices were shipped to Russia to be used in British aerial attacks in 1919

50 000

key weapons (3)

- chlorine gas

- mustard gas

- M devices

what was a tactic of gas

terrify the enemy

what tactic did the Italians use against Abyssinia

- released gas from planes

what did the Italians releasing gas from planes mean

more land + enemy troops could be targeted than previously

continuity of gas (4)

still used mustard gas:

- 1915 (Germans)

- 1919 (British v Russian Communists)

- 1935 - (Italians)

change in gas

- deployed by canister WW1

- deployed by plane 1935

biggest impact of gas

Abyssinian surrender in 1936

biggest limitation of gas

depends on wind direction

when were tanks first used and by who

British

Battle of Somme 1916

what was the impact of the invention of the tank

warfare became a war of movement again

when were tanks used during time period

- Blitzkrieg

- attack on Guernica 1937

tanks - weapons (2)

- Mark I

- Panzer I

when was the Mark 1 tank used and who

during WW1 by british

when did germany rebuild its tanks and why

1933

bc T of V banned Germany from having them in 1919

when were Panzer 1 tanks designed

1933

tactics of tanks (3)

- defy treaty of V

- tanks proved to be able to defeat trench warfare in WW1

- tanks would be part of Blitzkrieg

continuity of tanks

designed stayed similar - still had catepillar tracks

- Mark 1 had catepillar

- Panzer 1 had catepillar

change of tanks (2)

- mark 1 tank had speed of 4 mph (could be outrun)

- panzer 1 had speed of around 30 mph

- tanks used in blitzkrieg

evaluation of tanks goood

- allowed troops to blast through enemy lines

evaluatin of tanks bad

by 1918 germans developed armour-piercing machine guns and adapted field guns to fire at tanks

example of when panzer tanks used

Guernica, 1937

when had huge field guns been developed before

before WW1

what did shrapnel shells do

explode in the air or on impact

example of when artillery was used

in the battle of the somme 1916

impact of artillery during WW1

not always accurate as often failed to destroy the barbed wire protecting the trenches + warned of an attack

what new tactic involving artillery developed by British during the Somme

- creeping barrage

- combined artillery and infantry attacl

when did the building of the maginot line begin

started to be built in 1929

how much did the maginot line cost

3 bill French francs

what was the maginot line

a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations that France had constructed

where was the Maginot line

France's borders with Switzerland, Germany and Luxembourg

where did the M line hold artillery ranged towards

Germany

what was artillery coordinated with on the M Line

a underground railway + phone lines to ensure one fort could support the next in line

how much of the British war dead was artillery responsible for

roughly half of the British war dead

artillery tactics (2)

- during WW1 artillery used to bombard enemy trenches

- however 1930s (Maginot Line) used to prevent a German suprise attack

statistic that proves that fixed position artillery no longer as effective as had been in WW1

in 1939, took less than 6 weeks for German tanks + planes to defeat the artillery Poland had positioned on its border with Germany

what type of tactics undermined artillery

blitzkrieg

what was heavy artillery often used against

planes

when were incendiary shells developed and what for

WW1 to shoot down German Zeppelin airships

artillery weapons (2)

- shrapnell shells

- maginot line

artillery change

- more accurate sound location for the direction of searchlights + to provide plots for barrage fire

- command + control changed in the late 1930s when Britain created an integrated system

- Radar was linked to the ground-based air defence of the army's AA command