Structural kinesiology Quiz 2

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110 Terms

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Aggregate Muscle Action
Muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion.
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Skeletal Muscles
 two types: Parallel & Pennate
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Parallel Muscles
Fibers arranged parallel to length of muscles will produce a greater range of movement than similar-size muscles with a pennate arrangement.

Five types: Flat, Fusciform, Strap, Radiate, Sphincter

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Flat Muscles
Usually thin & broad, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses

allows them to spread their forces over a broad area.

Ex. rectus abdominus & external oblique
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Fusiform Muscles
Spindle-shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end; this allows them to focus their power on small, bony targets.

Ex. brachialis & brachioradialis
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Strap Muscles
More uniform in diameter with essentially all fibers arranged in a long parallel manner. This also enables a focusing of power onto small, bony targets.

Ex. sartorius
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Radiate Muscles
Also described sometimes as being triangular, fan-shaped or convergent

have combined arrangement of flat & fusiform muscles, in that they originate on broad aponeuroses & converge onto a tendon.

Ex. pectoralis major & trapezius
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Sphincter (Circular) Muscles
Technically endless strap muscles that surround openings & function to close them upon contraction.

Ex. orbicularis oris (surrounding the mouth)
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Pennate Muscles
Have shorter fibers 

arranged obliquely to their tendons in a structure similar to a feather. This arrangement increases the cross-sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing its force production capability.

three types: Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate

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Unipennate Muscle Fibers
Fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only.

Ex. biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, & tibialis posterior
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Bipennate Muscle Fibers
Fibers run obliquely from a central tendon on both sides.

Ex. rectus femoris & flexor hallucis longus
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Multipennate Muscles
Several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them.

Ex. deltoid
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Its ability to produce force effecting movement about joints.

four types: Irritability or Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
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Irritability or Excitability
The muscle property of being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.
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Contractility
The ability of muscle to contract & develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated.
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Extensibility
The ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length.
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Elasticity
The ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching.
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Muscle Terminology - Intrinsic
Pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act.
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Muscle Terminology - Extrinsic
Pertaining usually to muscles that arise or originate outside of (proximal to) the body part on which they act.
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Muscle Terminology - Action
The specific movement of joint resulting from a concentric contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint.
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Muscle Terminology - Innervation
Occurs in the segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle.
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Muscle Terminology - Amplitude
The range of muscle fiber length between maximal & minimal lengthening.
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Muscle Terminology - Gaster (Belly or Body)
The central, fleshy portion of the muscle. This contractile portion of the muscle generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts.
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Muscle Terminology - Tendon
Tough, yet flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance, that connect muscles to bones & other structures. By providing this connection, tendons transmit the force generated by the contracting muscle to the bone.
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Muscle Terminology - Aponeurosis
A tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheet- or ribbon-like in appearance and resembles a flattened tendon.
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Muscle Terminology - Fascia
A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together parts of the body such as muscles, organs, and other soft tissue structures of the body.
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Muscle Terminology - Retinaculum
A connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under in facial tissue.
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Muscle Terminology - Origin
The proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body.
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Muscle Terminology - Insertion
The distal attachment, or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.
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Muscle Contractions (Action)
When tension is developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus, it is known as a contraction. Can be used to __cause__, __control__, or __prevent__ joint movement. 

two types: Isometric Contractions & Isotonic Contractions
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Isometric Contractions
occurs when tension is developed within the muscle but the joint angles remain constant.
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Static Contractions
Isometric contractions (no movement)
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Isotonic Contractions
Involve the muscle developing tension to either cause or control joint movement.
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Dynamic Contractions
Isotonic contractions (movement)
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Muscle Contractions - Concentric Contraction
Involve the muscle developing active tension as it shortens & occur when the muscle develops enough force to overcome the applied resistance.
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Muscle Contractions - Eccentric Contraction (Muscle Action)
Involve the muscle lengthening under active tension and occur when the muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance.
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Muscle Contractions - Movement Differentiation
Joint movement may occur with muscle groups on either or both sides of the joint actively contracting or even without any muscles contracting.
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Isokinetics
Development of exercise machines has resulted in another type of muscle exercise.
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Role of Muscles - Agonist
When contracting concentrically, they cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion.
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Primary Movers
Muscles most involved
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Role of Muscles - Antagonist (Contralateral Muscles)
They work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing & allowing movement; but when contracting concentrically, they preform the joint motion opposite to that of the agonist.
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Role of Muscles - Stabilizers (Fixators)
They surround the joint or body part & contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force & move.
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Role of Muscles - Synergist (Gliding Muscles)
Muscles that assist in the action of an agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers for the action, assist in refined movement & rule out undesired motion.

two types: Helping Synergists & True Synergists
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Helping Synergists
They help another muscle move the joint in the desired manner and simultaneously prevent undesired actions.
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True Synergists
They contract to prevent an undesired joint action of the agonist and have no direct effect on the agonist action.
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Role of Muscles - Neutralizers
They counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions. They contract to resist specific actions of other muscles.
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Role of Muscles - Force Couples
They occur when two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about its axis.
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Reversal of Muscle Function
A muscle group described to perform a given function can contract to control the exact opposite motion.
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Determination of Muscle Action
Consideration of anatomical lines of pull, anatomical dissection, palpation, models, electromyography, & electrical stimulation.
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Muscle Action - Anatomical Lines of Pull
Description of force exerted by a muscle.
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Muscle Action - Anatomical Dissection
Looking at the muscle structures: determining their structural influence.
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Muscle Action - Palpation
A very useful way to determine muscle action; it is done through using the sense of touch to feel or examine a muscle as it contracts.
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Muscle Action - Models
Used to facilitate understanding of lines of pull & to stimulate muscle lengthening or shortening as joints move through various ranges of motion.
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Muscle Action - Electromyography (EMG)
Utilizes either surface electrodes that are placed over muscle or fine wire/needle electrodes placed into the muscle.
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Muscle Action - Electrical Stimulation
A reverse approach of electromyography; instead of electricity being used to detect muscle action, it is used to cause muscle activity.
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Lines of Pull
Combining the knowledge of a particular joint's functional design & diarthrodial classification with an understanding of the specific location of a musculotendinous unit as it crosses a joint is extremely helpful in understanding its action on the joint.
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Neural Control of Voluntary Movement
A result of the muscular & nervous systems working together.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord; may be divided into five levels of control.

five levels: the Cerebral Cortex, the Basal Ganglia, the Cerebellum, the Brain Stem, & the Spinal Cord
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CNS - The Cerebral Cortex
The highest level of control, provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action but not as specific muscle activity.
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CNS - Basal Ganglia
Controls the maintenance of postures & equilibrium & learned movements; sensory integration for balance & rhythmic activities is controlled here.
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CNS - Cerebellum
A major integrator of sensory impulses & provides feedback relative to motion. It controls the timing & intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements.
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CNS - Brain Stem
Integrates all CNS activity through excitation & inhibition of desired neuromuscular actions & funstions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state.
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CNS - Spinal Cord
The common pathway between the CNS & the PNS. It has the most specific control & integrates various simple & complex spinal reflexes, as well as cortical & basal ganglia activity.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body; can be divided into two levels.

two levels: Sensory & Motor Divisions
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PNS - Sensory or __Afferent__Nerves
Bring impulses from receptors in the skin, joints, muscles, & other peripheral aspects of the body to the CNS.
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PNS - Motor or __Efferent__ Nerves
Carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body.
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Spinal Nerves
Also provide both motor & sensory function for their respective portions of the body & are named for the locations from which they exit the vertebral column.
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Dermatome
A defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve.
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Myotome
Muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve.
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Neurons
The basic units of the nervous system responsible for generating & transmitting impulses are nerve cells.
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Neuron Cell Body
Neurons consist of one or more branching projections.
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Dendrites
Transmit impulses to the neuron & cell body.
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Axon
An elongated projection that transmits impulses away form neuron cell bodies.
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Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Transmit impulses to the spinal cord & brain from all parts of the body.
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Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue.
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Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
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Cervical Plexus
(Skull)-C1-C2-C3-C4-(C5)
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Brachial Plexus
(C4)-C5-C6-C7-C8-T1-(T2)
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Thoracic Plexus
(T1)-T2-T3-T12
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Lumbosacral Plexus
L1-L2-L3-L4-L5-S1-S2-S3-S4-(S5)
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Coccygeal Plexus
(S4)-S5-Co
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Proprioreceptors
Internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, & tendons that provide feedback relative to the tension, length & contraction state of muscle, the position of the body & limbs, & movement of joints.
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Kinesthesis
The conscious awareness of the position & movement of the body in space.
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Proprioception
The subconscious mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture & movement by responding to stimuli originating in the proprioceptors embedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, & inner ear.
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Muscle Spindles
Sensitive to stretch & rate of stretch. Concentrated primarily in the muscle belly between the fibers.
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Myotatic or Stretch Reflex
When rapid muscle stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to the CNS & then the CNS activates motor neurons of muscle & causes it to contract.
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The Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
Continuously sensitive to muscle tension & active contraction. Located in the tendon close to the muscle-tendon junction.
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Pacinian Corpuscles
Ligaments & tendon sheaths & beneath the skin, are activated by rapid changes in the joint angle & by pressure changes affecting the capsule. Concentrated around joint capsules.
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Ruffini's Corpuscles
Activated by strong & sudden joint movements as well as pressure changes. Located in deep layers of the skin & the joint capsule.
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Meissner's Corpuscles & Krause's End-Bulbs
Receives stimuli from touch. Located in the skin & in subcutaneous tissues.
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Proprioceptive Feedback
The quality of movement & how we react to position change are significantly dependent upon this from the muscles & joints.
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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron & the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal.
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Motor Unit
Consists of a single motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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All-or-None Principle
The individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire & contract either maximally or not at all.
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Muscle Fiber Types
two catagories: Fast Fibers & Slow Fibers

three types: Type IIa & Type IIb, which are fast fibers, & Type I, which is a slow fiber
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Fast Fibers
Can produce greater forces due to a greater shortening velocity but fatigue more quickly.

two types: Type IIa & Type IIb
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Slow Fibers
Has a greater resistance to fatigue, but generally produce less tension.

one type: Type I
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Action Potential (AP)
For the muscle fibers in a particular motor unit to contract, the motor unit must first receive a stimulus via an electrical signal.
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Subthreshold Stimulus
If the stimulus is not strong enough to cause an action potential.
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Threshold Stimulus
When the stimulus becomes strong enough to produce an action potential in a single motor unit axon.