global final

globalization

Process that generates an intensification of economic/political/social/cultural interconnections and the formation of transnational actions, cross borders and come through the technological boom

Traditional actors

International orgs. (UN)

Nation states: USA CHINA etc.

Heads of state: prime ministers/presidents

Actor:

“A person/organization involved in or [is] important in politics, society, etc. in some way bc of their actions”

Nonstate actors:

International organizations (UN)

Ngos (greenpeace)

Transnational corporations (netflix)

Terrorist groups (al-Qaeda)

Religious groups (vatican)

Crisis of IR actors

Global issues cross borders

Erosion of trust in government

International Arena:

global stage/platform where countries, orgs. corporations, actors interact, make decisions that affect the world

Public diplomacy

how gov. communicates w foreign publics 2 promote understanding of its ideas, culture, national goals, policies etc. 

PD Goals

Economic interest 

National branding/identity

Political influence

Traditional Diplomacy:

formal, gov 2 gov communication w professional diplomats/state officials, negotiations, treaties, btw countries

Cultural diplomacy:

Using cultural exchange to foster mutual understanding and strengthen international relations

Nation branding:

Shaping/promoting a country's image 2 attract tourists, investors, enhance reputation. Impacts tourism, trade, investment, and IR

Cultural Colonization:

domination of one cultural identity over another through cultural knowledge, activities and institutions (media)

Globalism:

believes in importance of connections in the globalized world 

Postnationalism:

national identities and boundaries are less emphasized becoming irrelevant, often due 2 globalization

Anti Globalization:

critiques globalization (usually 4 economic reasons)-opposition to the unregulated political power of multinational corporation

Cultural hybridization:

when a new culture develops from a set of two or more cultural traits

Cultural industries

sectors of economy that produce/distribute cultural goods and services that have artistic, entertainment, or informational value.

Global public sphere:

space (media/com. technologies) where ppl from diff. parts of the world engage in public discourse/shape public opinion across national borders.

World Hegemony:

dominance/leadership of one country or group over others on a global scale—politically, economically, culturally, or militarily

Public Sphere:

The arena (place or communication structure) where citizens come together 2 exchange opinions 2 form public opinion.

Newspaper

Public affairs and discussions accessible 2 all

Emergence of what is now understood as the public sphere

Ej. Crisis of liberal democracy

Fox News' role in amplifying anti-democratic rhetoric during Trump elections,

Shaping of public opinion on immigration, climate change

Crisis of liberal democracy

Tensions Between ideal participatory democracy and modern capitalism.

Media as a tool for political and economic interests

Post WW2 & global media:

free flow of information based on democracy and free market principle (mostly USA) 

Transnational identities

Sense of belonging/identity that transcends national boundaries→result globalization, migration

Challenges traditional nationalism-Media crucial role

Convergence: merging distinct systems, industries, or cultural forms across global contexts, driven by technological innovation, media integration, and market expansion.

Convergence ej. 2008 USA elections:

groundbreaking campaign Barack Obama

blending technology, media, political communication, and grassroots mobilization in unprecedented ways

Commercialization/industrialization of culture:

process where culture (music/fashion/film/art) is produced & distributed using industrial methods 4 mass consumption and profit

Cultural industries:

sectors of economy that produce/distribute cultural goods and services that have artistic, entertainment, or informational value.

Mass culture:

cultural products, practices, values created and consumed by large audiences, through mass media (tv, film, newspapers, internet)

Process of concentration of communication companies:

process where large companies dominate the comm. industry through mergers, privatization

Mass culture characteristics

Mass-produced/distributed

Easy to understand/access

Shaped by media corporations/advertising

Overshadows local or traditional culture

Transnational (multinational) corporations: 

large companies that operate in multiple countries,Ej: Apple,

Shape global economy, often surpass nation-states in influence

effects concentration of communication companies

reduced competition and increase in power of these companies: pricing, control of content, and influence over public opinion

Liberalization of telecommunications

reducing government restrictions/regulations 2 allow more private enterprise, free markets, and open competition

Privatization

transferring ownership, control, of a business/industry from public sector (gov) 2 private sector (inv/orgs)

Richard Murdoch (fox news/the sun)

concentration of comm. companies→few entities hold uneven influence over public discourse.

NGO

nonprofit group operating independently of any gov. typically organized to address social/political, environmental/humanitarian issues (WWF)

Global civil society:

Collective space of inv/orgs/movements, and networks w a crucial role influencing global issues "third sector" outside of gov/business

Humanitarian journalism:

Suffering/humanitarian crisis. Ethical storytelling multimedia storytelling techniques 2 raise awareness

Peace journalism:

Reporting focused on non-violent resolutions dialogue 2 promote peace. Balanced view 2 humanize all parties

Embedded Journalism:

Reporters living among/reporting on a specific group Unique insights but biased reporting ethical dilemmas

Iraq War: embedded journalism

U.S. gov./military used embedded journalism 2 shape public opinion, highlighting heroism,

News outlets: benefited dramatic, front-line footage  Ethical concerns: commercialization of war coverage.

War reporting Debates

balancing objective reporting with the potential impact on vulnerable populations and ongoing conflicts.

War/conflict reporting ethical questions:

-Graphic imagery: images too brutal?deaths, decapitations, Burnings?

-Frequency: repetition of traumatic footage? informative vs. sensational?

-Media Language: special vocab/code 4 reporting terrorism

Spanish American War: 1st press war

Hearst & Pulitzer yellow journalism→public support for war.

USS Maine press to blame Spain

Power/danger of media influence and media ethics/responsibility

Vietnam War(turning point public trust in gov. & media)

Graphic TV/photo coverage→mass protests/distrust

Pentagon Papers-journalism as a watchdog

Press limits-wartime ethics of graphic content

Rise of digital media and wartime reporting: 

Real-time updates

Citizen journalism 2 complement traditional news org

Media Framing: Journalism

influence public opinion, with coverage

-promoting sympathy for affected populations

-perpetuating stereotypes of conflict.

Journalistic ethics terrorism

Sensationalism: events can spread fear, amplify terrorist goals, and distort public understanding.

Global Village

due to globalization and advances in technology, the world has become a "smaller" place

Globalization causes

1. Technological development→Media

2. Global power shifts.

3. Internationalization of communication.

4. Hybridization.

BLM movement “blackout day”

social media activism

grassroots movement

counter public sphere

global civil society

e-democracy

estonia e-voting

spanglish

postnational

cultural hybridity

transnational identity

cultural industries and transnational corporations

Exploit global networks to spread content, often reinforcing dominant ideologies-cultural colonization,

Western values saturate global media

world hegemony, consolidation of influence

few powerful nations and media conglomerates shape global narratives.

Good thing globalization

cultural hybridization, local & global cultures mix, creating new identities & resisting total homogenization