AP Euro - Chapter 13 Economic Advance and Social Unrest

British Industrial Dominance

- industrial revolution begins in G.B. with advances in textile production

- G.B. has advantages in achieving new capacity for production in manufacturing

- invented machines that gave customers more and higher quality products for lower prices

Markets of South America are opened to British goods thanks to..

- Latin American wars of independence

Population and Migration

- as industrialization spreads, population of Europe continues to grow

- more and more ppl live in cities but in the east and south ppl continue to live in rural settings with little industrial manufacturing

- # of humans in cities puts pressure on resources and migration from the countryside means that housing, water, sewage, food supplies, and lighting are inadequate (therefore slums as filthy, disease rattles population, crime increases, etc.)

Migration Freedom in Different Countries

- in France, England, and low countries, ppl in countryside can move freely btwn country and town BUT in German states, Austria, and Russia, this kind of migration is difficult until serfs were emancipated (therefore the pace of industrialization is slower in these areas)

Irish Famine 1845-1847

- due to a poor potato harvest, 1/2 million Irish peasants starved and hundreds of thousands emigrated

- people left the agriculture industry and began to fill new factory jobs

( fun fact: the countryside provided many of the workers for the new factories)

Railroads

- industrial innovation that epitomized the 2nd half of the century (investment in capital rather than consumer goods)

- allowed for faster transportation, cheaper raw materials, and more efficient production

- embodied the most dramatic application of the steam engine and brought about more industrialization

- increased demand for steel, iron, fabrics, glass, and wood

- first railway line was in Britain (Manchester)

Labor-Force

- some of the work force were reasonably well off and enjoyed steady employment and decent wages, others were the "laboring poor" and earned little more than subsistence wages, then after the "laboring poor" came women and children who worked nearly naked in the mines where conditions of life were terrible

- condition of workers varies from decade to decade, industry to industry

Wage-Labor Force

- in 19th century artisans and factory workers came to participate in wage-labor force where their labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace

Proletarianization

- the process by which people move from being either an employer, unemployed, of self employed to being employed as a wage laborer by an employer

- wage-labor force where labor became a commodity of the marketplace

- the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

- through this, artisans lost significant ownership of the means of production and control over their own trades, it was hard to exercise corporate or guild direction and control over trade

Typical European Town Workplace consists of...

- a few artisans laboring for a master (they started as apprentices and then worked according to established guild regulations and practices)

Confection

- a practice where goods are produced in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order for individual customers

- this increased division of labor in the workshop and masters lowered wages to increase production and reduce costs

- happened because masters were under increased competitive pressure from larger capitalized establishments or the introduction of machine production

Chartism

- a movement that got its name for the People's Charter of 1838

- it was centered on the belief that the problems of the working class could be corrected by changes in the political organization of the country

- it was the first large-scale European working-class political movement that sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in 1830s and 1840s

People's Charter of 1838

- issued by London Working Men's Association

- demanded six specific reforms

1) universal adult-male suffrage

2) secret ballot

3) abolition of property requirements for members of House of Commons

4) payment to members of House of Commons

5) equal electoral districts

6) annual parliaments with yearly elections

- parliament refused to pass the Charter and chartists publish a newspaper called The Northern Star

Feargus O'Connor

- the most important chartist leader

Chartism failed because...

- the ranks of Chartism were split btwn those who advocated violence and those who wanted peaceful strategies

- once prosperity returns after the depression of late 1830s and early 1840s, lots of working ppl abandon the chartist movement

English Factory Act of 1833

- forbids employment of children under age 9, limited the workday of children aged 9-13 to 9 hours, and requires that these kids have 2 hours of education per day paid for by the factory owner

- this act further divided work and home life

- after this act is passed, many British workers demand shorter workdays for adults bc they want to spend time with their children so in 1847 parliament has a 10 hour workday

Changing Economic Role for Family

- family goes from being chief unit of production and consumption to being just the chief unit of consumption

Women and Work

- industrial economy takes most productive work out of home and allows families to live on wages of male spouse

- women are associated with domestic duties and poorly paid unskilled cottage industries

- unmarried women worked in factories that require little skill

- married women were turned away from jobs

- women received lower wages

- many women became prostitutes to supplement their income

Charwoman

- person who was hired to do rough house cleaning or washing, symbolized plight/difficulty of working women

in 19th century Political and Economic Elite are..

- concerned about social order bc revolutions of late 18th and early 19th centuries make them fearful of disorder and threats to life and property

- also, they feel that in order to contain crime and criminals there needs to be better systems of police and prison reforms

Police Force

- now there is a visible presence of law-enforcement officers in Europe meant to prevent crime

- police forces differ form country to country but were all crucial to the emergence of an orderly European society

- police of European continent carry guns and police in Britain do not

- many ppl in Britain oppose creation of professional police bc they see it as a threat to traditional British libeties

Prison Reform

- horrendous conditions in prisons were exposed by John Howard and Elizabeth Fry in England and Charles Lucas in France

- reform came slowly and sought to rehabilitate or transform the prisoner

- result of prison reforms = creation of exceedingly repressive prison systems designed according to most advanced scientific modes of understanding criminals and criminal reform

Hulks

- prison ships were gov'ts sent criminals

Auburn System

- named after prison in New York City, prisoners were separated during the night but could associated while working during the day

Philadelphia System

- prisoners were separated at all times

Transportation

- the sentence of British criminals of the most serious offense that involved putting them in a colony in Austrlia

Zollverein

- the free trading union btwn German states that abolished internal tariffs although Germany overall has less acceptance of classical economics bc of their tradition of absolutism

Utilitarianism

- the theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest number of people, should be applied to gov't, the economy, and the judicial system

Jeremy Bentham

- had utilitarian thought

- wrote Fragment on Government and The Principles of Morals and Legislation

- sought to create codes of scientific laws that were founded on principle of utility

- gathers other politicians who combine utilitarian ideas with classical economis

John Stuart Mill

- a disciple of Bentham's who wrote Principles of Political Economy in which he said it may be necessary for the state to intervene and help workers achieve economic justice

- in his later work he moves in a direction closer to socialism

- his most famous work is On Liberty

- he was also greatly influenced by the feminist thought of his wife, Harriet Taylor, and he wrote On the Subjugation of Women which consisted of arguments in favor of granting full equality to women

Poor Law

- passed by House of Commons where a Poor Law Commission was established to make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations

Corn Laws in 1846

- British tariffs on imported grain that protected the price of grain grown within the British isles

- Sir Robert Peel repealed the Corn Law because of the Irish famine (you see, Peel had to open British ports to foreign grain to feed the starving Irish and when he abolished these laws he also established in their place a program for gov't aid to modernize British agriculture and make it more efficient

Utopian Socialists

- phrase coined by Karl Marx to label early socialist writers

- were early 19th century writers who sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities

- believed that expansive possibilities were available to mankind and that poor environments corrupted human nature

- believed that capitalism over-emphasized production, under-emphasized distribution, and possessed serious flaws such as unemployment and suffering brought about by low wages

Socialism

- was partly rooted in the French Revolution since radical Jacobins had the idea of political equality for all and moving it to the next step which was economic equality for all through common ownership of all property

Henri de Saint-Simon/Saint-Simonianism

- was the earliest of socialist pioneers

- argued that society needed to be organized on a scientific basis, argued for a creation of a hierarchical society led by an intellectual class that improved society and those on the bottom of the social ladder

- he thought that not the redistribution of wealth but its MANAGEMENT by experts would alleviate poverty and social dislocation

- he wanted to see the rise of a community of European nations that would have common currency, transportation, parliament, etc.

- he also advocates sexuality outside marriage

Robert Owen/Owenism

- he was major British contributor to early socialist tradition

- was a firm believer in environmental psychology of Enlightenment that comes from ideas of John Locke

- blamed environment for man's corruption and in response built New Lanark, a small town in Scotland where workers were housed decently and children got an education

- he was a freethinker of matters of religion and sex

- envisioned a series of communities shaped like parallelograms in which factory workers and farm workers might live together and produce their goods in cooperation

Charles Fourier/Fourierism

- Owen's intellectual counterpart

- a Utopian socialist who created a blueprint for a cooperative community

- he hoped to make the workday more satisfying by rotating tasks so everyone would do the boring tasks

- advocated construction of communities called phalanxes where liberated living would replace boredom and dullness of industrial cities

- emphasized the problem of boredom

Louis Blanc

- wrote the Organization of Labor

- was a Frenchman who demanded an end to competition without completely changing society

- wanted to give the vote to the working class so as to assist their own economic advances

Anarchism

- the theory that gov't and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals

Anarchists

- those who believe that gov't and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals

Auguste Blanqui

- anarchist who favored terror

- wanted to abolish capitalism and state

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

- anarchist who favored peace

- attacked the banking system and wanted to help small business and the poor

- his ideas influence French labor movement

- wrote What is Property? in which he attacks the banking system

Marxism

- the theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that history is the result of class conflict, which will end in the inevitable triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and abolition of private property and social class

- this was the most significant strand in socialist thought known as the "scientific socialism" of Karl Marx and Engels

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

- wrote the Communist Manifesto which was a pamphlet that served as a basic statement of principles for thee Communist League

- they thought all history from the beginnings of time consisted of the struggle btwn social classes, an idea labeled as historical materialism

- they organized a Communist League with the Communist Manifesto as its basic statement

First International and Second International

- 1864 Marx organized the First International which Marx said was created to afford a central medium of communication and cooperation for the socialist parties that Marx believed the working class was constantly organizing itself into

- the aim of the organization was to protect, advance, and complete emancipation of the working class

- internal conflicts led the First International to dissolve but after Marx's death, Engels organizes Second International which was a loose federation of the world's socialist parties heavily influenced by Marxism

- Second International met on July 14, 1889 (100th anniversary of Bastille bc Marxists were constantly referencing the beginning of the French Revolution and calling it one of their own

Karl Marx

- thought the development of capitalism led to the creation of a new class -the proletariat or working class - which would one day arise and supplant those capitalists who exploited them

- Marx is also known for Das Kapital, an enormous treatise on capitalism that explains the mechanics by which capitalists extract profit from labor

The only two nations to avoid the turmoil of revolution in 1848 were

- Russia and Great Britain

Reasons for revolutions in 1848 spreading across Europe

- sever food shortages since 1846, grain and potato harvest is poor (famine in Ireland), commercial and industrial economy is depressed, widespread unemployment, wretched living conditions in cities and increasing doubts about capabilities of various rulers

Revolution of 1830 in France

- brought about small changes - wealthy bourgeoisie dominated July Monarchy while the workers who payed a pivotal role in the revolution felt they had received little for their efforts

- bc of the rise of censorship and ban on openly political meetings, opponents of the regime held banquets that are disguised political meetings

Francois Guizot

- chief minister of Louis Philippe

- his repressive ways acted as a major cause behind the revolution of 1848

Revolution of 1848

- was plagued by disagreements btwn liberals and radicals

- liberals focus on political issues like the expansion of suffrage while radicals led by socialist journalist Louis Blanc speak of need for fundamental social and economic change

- Louis Blanc's supporters pressure provisional gov't to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed

Alphonse de Lamartine

- a poet who led liberal opposition during the French Revolution of 1848

- sought a republican constitution

The National Assembly at this point was

- more conservative and made up of a majority of moderate republicans

"June Days"

- the termination of workshops leads to the June Days which was a violent class struggle in Paris where 10,000 ppl died

- after this the moderate republicans are further strengthened and create the French Second Republic headed by a president who is elected by universal adult-male suffrage

Louis Napoleon

- becomes the first president of the Second Republic in France

- he is a nephew of the emperor

- after being elected he created a conservative gov't but by 1851 during a constitutional crisis he assumed dictatorial power and made himself Emperor Napoleon lll

- called him "Little Napoleon"

- he was dedicated to his own fame more than republican institutions

Vesuvians

- radical group of French feminists who demanded full domestic household equality btwn men and women, the right of women to serve in the military, and similarity in dress for both sexes

French Feminists

- due to political turmoil, they rose up and sought equality btwn men and women

- joined political clubs

- were mainly middle class and working class women

- published La Voix des Femmes

- in the new gov't of 1848, their progress was terminated

La Voix des Femmes

- originally a newspaper that addressed issues of concern to women

- turned into a society led by Jeanne Deroin and Pauline Roland who urged the integrity of the family and the fidelity in marriage, embraced maternal role for women and raised importance of women in society

Lajos Kossuth

- a Hungarian nationalist who attacks Austrian domination, calls for Hungarian independence and demands responsible ministry under Habsburg dynasty

Vienna Uprising

- In Austria news of the French revolution inspired nationalists to break free from control of Austrian Monarchy

- Lajos Kossuth in Hungary demands a constitution that would provide for responsible gov't in Hungary in Vienna from May to October, it was under control of students and workers who demanded freedom of the press, an end to censorship, and removal of Metternich from office

March Laws

- the Hungarian laws that mandated/ordered/required the equality of religion, jury trials, the election of the lower chamber of the diet, free press, and taxes for nobility, which was approved by Ferdinand bc he had no choice

Magyarization

- the drive of Hungary to attempt to annex/conquer Romania, Croatia, and Serbia into their administration which was opposed bc the countries felt that Austria gave them more preservation of nationalization

- Hungary imposes Hungarian language in all schools and makes it the official language spoken by the gov't

Czech Revolt in Prague

- In Prague a revolt called for the creation of a semi-autonomous Czech homeland

- conflicts develop btwn Czechs and germans living in these regions

First Pan-Slavis Congress

- led by Francis Palacky

- called for national equality of Slavs within the Habsburg Empire and protests repression of all Slavic ppl under Habsburg, Hungarian, German, and Ottoman domain

Pan-Slavism

- the movement to create a nation of federation that would embrace all the Slavic ppl of Eastern Europe

- Russia uses Pan-Slavism as a tool to attempt to gain support of nationalist minorities in eastern Europe and Balkans to ring pressure against Habsburg Empire and Germany

Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini

- republican nationalists who come to Rome and they hope to use the new republic as a base of operations to unite the rest of Italy under a republican gov't

Frederick William lV, King of Prussia

- promised to promote moderate reform for years but he never made any changes so disturbances erupt in Berlin in March 1848

- he was so horrified by the bloodshed that he order his army to leave the city and he calls for an election of a constituent assembly which would draw up a new constitution, but several months later he calls back the troops and dissolves the assembly and draws up his own constitution which allows for freedom of the press and creates a 2-house legislature with adult-male universal suffrage for lower house

Frankfurt Parliament

- an effort to establish a unified German state

- on May 18 elected representatives from all German states gather hoping to participate in the birth of a nation but the parliament was hampered by the political inexperience of its participants and conflicting aims (everyone wanted a unified German nation but there were major disagreements over whether it should be a monarchy of republic)

Grossedeutsch

- a plan that wanted to see all German lands, including Austria and Bohemia, united under German rule

Keindeutsch

- the idea of uniting all German states except Austria

- a plan that includes only Prussia and smaller German states

- this idea wins over Grossedeutsch and the German imperial throne is offered to William lV , the king of Prussia, but he declined the offer