Bacte finals part 1 (Set1)

“Contagious abortion”; “Bang’s Disease

Brucellosis

Brucella is gram _______

negative

What kind of bacilli (Brucella)

Coccobacilli

In Brucella, __________ in modified Ziehl-neelsen Method

Red

What is the predilection of Brucella

female and male reproductive sexually mature

Can observe clusters of Brucella abortus in smear from _________ of cow with brucellosis

cotyledons

Brucella is motile or non motile

Non motile

Brucella is stable or unstable in the environment

Stable

Brucella media with _____ and ____

Blood and serum

Brucella required for culturing ____ and ________

B. abortus & B. ovis

What is the main reservoir of Brucella

Infected animals

What is the pathogenesis of Brucella

Brucella →engulfed by phagocytes → regional lymph nodes →persist in macrophages → inhibit phagosome-lysosome function

polyhydric alcohol which acts as growth factor for brucellae

Erythritol

Erythritol

•High concentration in the placenta of cattle, sheep, goat, pigs

•Also in mammary gland and epididymis

Brucella is processed in ________

Biosafety Cabinet

Diagnosis of Brucella

•PCR

•MZN

•Serological testing

Uses suspension of B. abortus in acid buffer (3.6-3.7 pH) and (+) clumping

Rose Bengal Test (RBT)

In Brucella Milk Ring Test is detected by ___________ in milk

Brucella Ab

What is the materials need in BMRT

Brucella antigen stained with hematoxylin, fresh unheated milk, test tube

Result in BMRT: _______ layer formation on surface

Cream

What is the color in BMRT positive

Dark blue or pink ring

What is the color in BMRT negative

No ring

Bordetella is gram ____

Negative

Bordetella is commensals of _________

mucous membrane of upper respiratory

Bordetella is affinity for __________

ciliated respiratory epithelium

Bordetella is stable or labile

labile

Bordetella is aerobes or anaerobes

Aerobes

In Bordetella, Toxigenic strains _________ mammalian RBC

agglutinate

Bordetella bronchiseptica is motile or non motile

Motile

What kind of host range that Bordetella bronchiseptica had

Wide host range

Virulence factor of Bordetella bronchiseptica (for attachment to cilia of URT)

• Filamentous hemagglutinin

• Tracheal cytotoxin

• Pertactin

• Fimbriae

In Bordetella bronchiseptica, what part of organ infects?

Upper respiratory tract

In what animals does Bordetella bronchiseptica is kore susceptible

Young animals

Bordetella bronchiseptica causes

canine infectious tracheobronchitis ”kennel cough” (respiratory complex of dogs)

What is the transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica

respiratory secretions, direct contact, aerosol

What is the clinical signs of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Coughing, gagging, retching

Kennel cough may persist for ________ but usually self-limiting

14 days

In pigs, B. bronchiseptica facilitate colonization of Pasteurella multocida type D → development of severe ___________

atrophic rhinitis and distortion of snout

Turkey coryza

Bordetella avium rhinotracheitis

Bordetella avium in poultry

Bordetellosis

Highly infectious, acute respiratory disease
•High morbidity, low mortality

•Induced by exposure to other pathogens such as Infectious bronchitis or NCD

Bordetella avium

•In 2009, ______________ was also attributed to the disease in Turkeys

Bordetella hinzii

In Bordetella avium, they attach to __________

cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the clinical signs of Bordetella avium

sinusitis, foamy-watery eyes, snick “sneezing”, cough, mouth breathing, dyspnea, tracheal rales, altered vocalization

Moraxella bovis is gram

negative

Moraxella bovis typically occur in

Pairs (Diplobacilli)

Moraxella bovis found on __________ of carrier cattle

mucous membranes

Moraxella is _______ in the environment

Susceptible to desiccation = short-lived

Moraxella bovis usaully affect cattle ________

under two years of age

Moraxella bovis causes

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

What is the transmission of Moraxella bovis

• Direct contact by aerosols

• Flies acting as vectors

Referred to as “pink eye”

Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis

Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis

• Highly contagious condition affecting the superficial structures of the eyes

• Virulence is attributed to fimbriae (adherence to cornea in spite of lacrimal secretions and blinking)

• Haemolysin and other lytic enzymes also contribute to its virulence

In Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis, Factors that predispose cattle:

• Prolonged exposure of the cornea to sunlight

• Presence of many flies (e.g. face flies/ Musca autumnalis)

• Breed susceptibility

• Mechanical irritants (e.g. dust, concurrent infections

In Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis, Breeds of Bos indicus are more resistant than breeds of Bos taurus. True or False

True

Possible due to the “hooded” structure of eyelids of _____ that may help protect the cornea from effects of sunlight

B. indicus

In Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis is severely affected

Hereford cattle (Bos taurus)

Clinical signs of Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis

• Blepharospasm

• Conjunctivitis

• Lacrimation

• May progress to corneal ulceration, opacity, abscessation

• If cornea heals, may still have permanent scarring

Campylobacter is _______ gram negative

Curved

What is the shape of Campylobacter

gull-winged shapes (daughter cells remained joined) and spiral forms

Campylobacter is commensals of _________ and sometimes _________

intestinal tract and sometimes reproductive tract

What kind of philis does Campylobacter is ______

Microaerophilic (atmosphere of increased CO2 and decreased oxygen)

Campylobacter is motile or non motile with _________

Motile : Polar flagella

This is Campylobacter species that colonize the intestines of birds resulting to fecal contamination of water courses and stored food

C. jenuni

This is Campylobacter species that adapted principally to bovine preputial mucosa; infertility in cattle

C. fetus subsp. venerealis

In Campylobacter this is the selective enriched media usually used for primary isolation

Skirrow agar

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis principal cause

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis and C. fetus fetus

What is the transmission of Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

coitus to susceptible cows by asymptomatic carrier bulls; contaminated instruments or bedding or artificial insemination with contaminated semen

What is the characteristics of Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

• Temporary infertility

• Mucopurulent endometritis

• Early embryonic death

• Return to estrus at irregular periods

• Sporadic abortion

Diagnosis of Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

• Vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT) – useful; at least 10 cows should be sampled

• ELISA for use on vaginal mucus – more sensitive

• IFA

• Vaginal Culture immediately after abortion – successful culture is limited

• PCR assay – but too costly for screening; reserved for final confirmation

Vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT)

useful; at least 10 cows should be sampled

ELISA for use on

vaginal mucus – more sensitive

Vaginal Culture

immediately after abortion – successful culture is limited

PCR assay

but too costly for screening; reserved for final confirmation

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis treatment and Control

• Focus on minimizing risk of transmission

• Artificial insemination – excellent way to prevent or control

• Treatment: Streptomycin

• Vaccination

What is the vaccination program Bovine genital campylobacteriosis

• Should start as soon as BGC is diagnosed

• Routine vaccination administered once, approx. 4 weeks before breeding starts then revaccinated halfway through breeding season

• In bulls, given twice the volume of vaccine per dose as cows, repeated 3 weeks later

May be caused by either C. fetus or C. jejuni

Ovine genital campylobacteriosis

Transmission of Ovine genital campylobacteriosis

fecal-oral route

During _________, localization in the uterus → subsequent necrotic placentitis → abortion in late pregnancy → stillborn lambs or weak lambs

pregnancy

What is the diagnosis of Ovine genital campylobacteriosis

Bacterial culture/Isolation from abomasal contents or birth fluids

• C. jejuni

• Confirmation is difficult since healthy animals may shed Campylobacter spp. in feces

• Large-number of fecal smears or rectal scrapings from dogs = indicative of infection

• May cause severity of enteric disease in dogs infected with other enteropathogens

• Dogs shedding C. jejuni are potential source of human infection

Intestinal campylobacteriosis in dogs

•C. jejuni – main cause

•Zoonotic infections; usually food-borne

•Poultry meat is the main source of human infection

•C/S: fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea, sometimes with blood

Intestinal campylobacteriosis in humans

•Gram-negative rods, coccobacilli

•Commensal on mucous membranes (upper respiratory tract and oral cavity)

•Host specificity

•Non-motile, facultative anaerobes

•Ferment carbohydrates

Actinobacillus

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Cattle

A. pleuropneumoniae

Pigs

A. equuli

Horses

A. suis

Piglets, foals

A. seminis

sheep

• Commensal of oral cavity and intestinal tract

• Pyogranulomatous inflammation of soft tissues

• Manifested by induration of the tongue – “timber tongue” or “wooden tongue”

• Lesions in the esophageal groove and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

• Enters through erosions or lacerations in the mucosa and skin

• Difficulty in eating and drooling saliva

• Diagnosis: demonstrating in smears from exudates (pus, biopsy, tissue from lesions)

• Small, sticky, non-hemolytic, cohesive colonies on blood agar

• Slowly ferment lactose on MacConkey Agar

Actinobacillus lignieresii

• Causes contagious pleuropneumonia in pigs

• Infectious usually restricted to pigs < 5 months of age

• Highly contagious

• Virulent strains = possess capsules

• Subclinical carriers harbor the organism in respiratory tracts and tonsils

• Concurrent infections with Pasteurella multocida and mycoplasmas may exacerbate the condition

A. pleuropneumoniae

• cause septicemia and pneumonia if foals and adult horses

• Sleepy foal disease

• Acute, often fatal septicemia of newborn foals

• Found in reproductive and intestinal tract of mares

•Foals infected in utero or after birth via umbilicus, inhalation or ingestion

• C/S: diarrhea, meningitis, pneumonia, purulent nephritis, septic polyarthritis (sleepy foal disease or joint-ill)

A. equuli

Occasional cause of polyarthritis in young lambs and epididymitis in adult rams

A. seminis

Diagnosis of Actinobacillosis

• Confirmation by Culture, PCR or ELISA

• Culture of organism from nasal swabs, lung tissue at necropsy (A. pleuropneumoniae)

• Detection of presence of the organism in tissue samples (PCR and ELISA)

• Wooden tongue diagnosis requires culture and biopsy of the lesion

• No reliable serologic tests available

Treatment of Actinobacillosis

• Antibiotics in swine (penicillin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones)

• Antibiotics in horses.(chloramphenicol, gentamicin, third gen cephalosporins)

• Sodium iodide → treatment of choice in ruminant actinobacillosis

• IV sodium iodide (70 mg/kg of a 10%to 20% solution) once then repeated 1-2x at 7-10 day intervals

Prevention of Actinobacillosis

•Good management

•Avoid coarse, stemmy feedstuffs and pastures full of hard, penetrating plant awns

In Fusobacterium, major fermentation product is

butyric acid

Fusobacterium necrophorum synonyms:

▪ Bacillus diphtheriae vitulorum

▪ Bacterium necrophorum

▪ Calf diptheria bacillus

▪ Cladothrix cuniculi

▪ Fusiformis necrophorus

▪ Necrosis bacillus

▪ Spheropherus necrophorus

▪ found in necrotic lesions in warm-blooded animals

▪ produces disease commonly known as necrobacillosis

▪ gram-negative, long filaments

▪ very sensitive to oxygen and strict anaerobic conditions must be provided

▪Can be differentiate from Bacteroides by failure to synthesize 3-hydroxy fatty acids

▪ commensal of alimentary tract of many animals

▪Infections occur in filthy surroundings (unsanitary conditions)

Fusobacterium

found in liver abscesses; very pathogenic in mice, agglutinate chicken erythrocytes

Fusobacterium ▪ Biotypes: A