History Study

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88 Terms

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Bismarck

German statesman who unified Germany and implemented conservative policies.

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Cavour

Italian statesman who played a key role in Italy's unification, advocating for modernization and liberal policies.

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Droysen

Historian and politician known for his views on German nationalism and historical interpretation.

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Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

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Militarism

The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively.

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Liberalism

A political and economic philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, democratic governance, and free markets.

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Absolutism

A political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, typically in monarchy.

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Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

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Nationalism

A political ideology that focuses on the interests and culture of a particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence.

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The Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

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Enabling Act

A 1933 German law that allowed the Nazi government to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.

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The Great Terror

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, characterized by widespread arrests, executions, and labor camps.

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The Iron Curtain

A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Western powers and those of Eastern Europe under Soviet influence.

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Final Solution

Nazi Germany's plan during World War II to systematically exterminate the Jewish people.

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Proletariat

The working-class people in a capitalist society, who do not own the means of production.

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Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned.

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Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice by African Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States.

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Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and operation for profit.

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World War I

A global war originating in Europe from 1914 to 1918, involving many of the world's great powers.

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World War II

A global conflict that spanned from 1939 to 1945 involving the majority of the world's nations.

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Appeasement

A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to an aggressor.

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The suffrage movement

A campaign to extend the right to vote to women and others who had been denied this right.

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Existentialism

A philosophical theory which asserts that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives.

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Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism.

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Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion and individualism, as well as glorification of the past and nature.

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Détente

The easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation, through verbal communication.

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Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s.

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McCarthyism

A campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions, characterized by heightened political repression.

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The Cold War

A state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare.

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Renaissance

A cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period.

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Fascism

A far-right authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology and movement characterized by dictatorial power.

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Social movements

Collective actions aimed at promoting or resisting social change.

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Counterculture

A lifestyle and cultural movement that rejects the values and norms of mainstream society.

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Decolonization

The process by which colonies become independent from colonial powers.

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European Integration

The process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social and cultural integration among European countries.

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World Health Organization (WHO)

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance of European and North American nations for collective defense.

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The Berlin Wall

A concrete barrier that divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

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The Gulf War

A conflict in 1990-91 between Iraq and a coalition of 34 nations led by the United States, liberated Kuwait.

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Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality between sexes.

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Neo-Colonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, often former dependencies.

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Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

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Cybersecurity

The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.

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Sociocultural Challenges

Issues relating to society's structure and cultural differences that affect interactions, policies, and governance.

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Economic Interests

Concerns that arise from the need to manage the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Ideological Conflict

A struggle between opposing ideologies that often influences political and social dynamics.

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The New Deal

A series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Human Rights

The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.

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Trade Union Movement

An organized effort by workers to improve their rights and conditions through collective bargaining.

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Post-modernism

A broad movement in literature, art, and philosophy that emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against modernism.

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Environmentalism

A social and political movement that seeks to protect the environment through changes in public policy.

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Cultural Imperialism

The practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another, overshadowing indigenous cultures.

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Labor Rights

The legal rights and claims of workers for fair wages, safe working conditions, and the right to organize.

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Post-colonialism

A theoretical framework that analyzes the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism.

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Civil Liberties

Fundamental individual rights protected from interference by the state.

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Political Repression

The act of a state or political authority to suppress dissent or opposition.

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Modernization

The process of social change whereby a society becomes more complex or developed.

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Social Justice

The view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities.

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Populism

A political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people.

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Dictatorship

A form of government in which a single person or party has absolute power.

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Totalitarianism

A political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.

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Civil Disobedience

A form of protest in which individuals refuse to obey certain laws or government demands to bring about social change.

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Ecological Challenges

Problems that arise from the interactions between environmental systems and human activity.

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Crisis of Legitimacy

A state in which a government fails to fulfill its intended role, leading to widespread dissatisfaction among citizens.

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Apartheid

A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race, primarily associated with South Africa.

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Deregulation

The reduction or elimination of government rules controlling how businesses can operate.

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Health Care Reform

Efforts to improve and expand health care access and affordability.

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Genocide

The intentional action to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

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Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement aimed at preserving traditional cultural values against perceived threats.

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Urbanization

The increasing number of people that live in urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities.

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Civic Engagement

Individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern.

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Net Neutrality

The principle that internet service providers must treat all data on the internet the same without discrimination.

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Self-determination

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.

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Refugee Crisis

A large-scale uprooting of people from their homes, often due to conflict or persecution.

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Women's Rights

The rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls of many societies worldwide.

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Green Politics

A political ideology that advocates for the protection of the environment and seeks to address issues through ecological principles.

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International Law

A set of rules generally accepted as binding in relations between states and nations.

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Consumerism

The protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.

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Philosophy of History

The theoretical framework examining the historical process and how history extends beyond mere chronology.

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Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

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Foreign Relations

The management of relationships and dealings between nations.

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Economic Globalization

The increasing economic interdependence among countries as reflected in the flow of goods and services.

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Influence of Religion

The effect that religious beliefs and organizations have on societal norms and institutions.

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Terrorism

The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political aims.

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Youth Culture

The ways in which young people collectively behave, think, and interact, often distinct from older generations.

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Political Ideology

A set of beliefs about political values and the role of government.

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Social Media

Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or participate in social networking.