Chemistry: Solutions

Solution

homogeneous mixture of two or more substance

Solute
Solvent
Solution

components of a solution

Solute

is the substance being dissolved

Solvent

the substance that does the dissolving

solvent's phase

type of solution is based on the

Unsaturated
Saturated
Supersaturated

types of solution based on amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent

Unsaturated

contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a particular temperature, leaving no remaining undissolved particles

Saturated

contains the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in that temperature, leaving undissolved particles at the bottom

Supersaturated

contains more than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in that temperature

Enthalpy Change of Solution

refers to the amount of heat that is released or absorbed during the dissolving process (at constant pressure)

1. solute-solute attractive forces
2. solvent-solvent attractive forces

what must be overcome for the solvent and solute to mix

Solubility

is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature

1. Particle Size
2. Rate of stirring or agitation
3. Nature of the Solvent and Solute
4. Temperature
5. Pressure

factors affecting the rate of solubility

- the smaller the particles of the solute expose a much greater surface area to the colliding solvent molecules
- the greater the surface area, the faster rate of dissolution
- smaller particle size, faster dissolving

particle size

- stirring moves the solvent particles faster and allows more interaction between the solute and solvent particles causing the process of dissolution faster

Rate of agitation

- the principle that those substances with the same intermolecular forces dissolve in each other
- like dissolves like

Nature of solvent and solute

- solubility of solid increases with rising temperature
- this is because at high temperature, the solids experience higher kinetic energy which allows them to effectively break apart and surround the solute particles, resulting to dissolution process.

temperature (solids)

- solubility decreases with rising temperature or vice versa
- due to the gases having higher kinetic energy and are more likely to escape from the solution

temperature (gases)

- the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
- also called as Henry's Law

Pressure

Williams Henry

law about pressure is named after

c= kp

henry's law formula