Dynamics of Health Care - Chapter 1

acute care facility

a health care facility that provides care for patients who have extremely serious, severe, or painful conditions that require immediate medical attention

assisted living facility

a facility that generally provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting

complementary therapies

treatment methods that typically promote healing through nutrition, exercise, or relaxation; sometimes referred to as alternative medicine

extended care facility

provides health care and help with activities of daily living to people who may be physically or mentally unable to care for themselves; can last from days to years

general practitioner

a physician who diagnoses and treats a variety of common health problems

Hippocratic Oath

Written by Hippocrates and serves as a moral basis for many medical regulations and guidelines still in use today

Home health care

care provided in a patient's home through community health departments, visiting nurses' associations, hospital-based case managers, and home health agencies

homeopathy

a holistic system of healing that focuses on stimulating the body's ability to heal itself by giving very small doses of highly diluted substances

hospice

a care program focused on reducing pain, symptoms, and stress during the last stage of terminal illnesses

independent living facility

a group of apartments or houses for residents who can take care of themselves and are mobile, yet need some help with daily activities; it may offer meals and other social activities in a community setting

inpatient

a person who remains in an acute care facility, such as a hospital, for more than 24 hours

interdisciplinary team

a group of health care professionals with varied medical educations, backgrounds, and experiences who work together to deliver the best possible care for each patient

microbiology

the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans

outpatient

a patient who is discharged within 23 hours, but may require ongoing treatment, care, and education

pandemic

an infectious disease that affects entire continents or even the world

prognosis

a medical opinion about the likely outcome of a condition or disease

rehabilitation center

specialize in services for patients needing physical or emotional rehabilitation or treatment of chemical dependency

sphygmomanometer

device used to measure blood pressure, blood pressure cuff

stethoscope

a device that allows health care professionals to listen to the internal sounds of a patient

subacute care facility

fills gap between hospitalization and rehabilitation, providing care to stable patients who don't require acute care, yet need more complex treatment than can be found in a nursing or rehab facility

custodial care

any non-medical care that can be provided by non-licensed caregivers

chronic

conditions that last for 1 or more years and require ongoing medical attention or limited activities of daily living or both

acute

a disease that is of short duration and of recent onset

specialist

someone focused on a defined group of patients, diseases, skills, or philosophy

transverse

a horizontal plane passing through the standard body so that the transverse plane is parallel to the floor

superior

toward the head end of the body

inferior

away from the head

Rx

perscription

Hx

history

Tx

treatment

Fx

fracture

Dx

diagnosis

SOB

shortness of breath

OTC

over the counter medicine

URI

upper respiratory infection

UTI

urinary tract infection

Amb

ambulatory, walks

stat

immediately

ROM

range of motion

d/c

discontinue

ADL

activities of daily living

Prehistoric

- believed evil spirits caused illnesses

- trephination/trapanation (drilling holes in skull to release evil spirits)

- Less spread of disease because of small communities and nomadic lifestyle

Ancient Egyptians

- Kept health records

- prohibited dissection of the body

- used bloodletting and leeches

* used TANNIC ACID to treat burns

Ancient Chinese

- religion prohibited dissection

- monitored pulse

- used acupuncture

Ancient Greeks

- observed human body

- hippocrates (father of medicine)

- hippocrates rejected that supernatural forces caused illnesses, emphasized prognosis

Ancient Romans

- Emphasis on preventive health care

- created aqueducts and sewers (sanitation)

- developed first hospitals and introduced the idea of medical specialists

Medieval Times

- fall of roman empire stopped medical advancements

- thought only god could heal

- monks and priests gave care in monasteries - custodial care, herbal medication

*significant work during this time was CANON OF MEDICINE WRITTEN BY PERSIAN PHYSICIAN AVICENNA - explained causes of common diseases and set new standards for med. practices in europe and asia*

The Renaissance

- in beginning, very unsanitary

- bubonic plague killed half of population

- many diseases

- renewed interest in medicine after

- printing press developed

Andreas Vesalius revealed detailed information on the human body through dissection

- established first medical universities

Ian Wilmut

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Edward Jenner

*developed vaccine for smallpox and term vaccination

Louis Pasteur

Developed theory that most diseases are caused by germs and pasteurizing milk kills bacteria, germ theory

Robert Koch

*known as father of microbiology, germ theory, found TB was airborne

Salk and Sabin

*discovered polio vaccine

Florence Nightingale

*is considered Founder of Modern Nursing, improved standards of hygiene

Joseph Lister

started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery

Military Actions

- MASH - Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

- use of helicopter ambulances

- advancement of surgery during war (KOREAN WAR)

Tannic acid

*used in ancient Egypt to treat burns

Avicenna

*wrote cannon of medicine, explains causes of many common diseases

Andreas Vesalius

*revealed detailed information on the human body through dissection, wrote first anatomy book

William Harvey

*described circulation of blood to and from the heart

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin

Crick and Watson

described structure of DNA

Christian Bernard

*preformed first human heart transplant

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis, thought to speak to patients

Rene Laennec

*Invented the stethoscope

Humphry Davy

first to use nitrous oxide (laughing gas) during surgery

Printing press

allowed distribution of information

NASA

brought cat scans, mri, electron microscope, angioplasty

Zacharias Janssen

invented microscope

John Hopps

*made first cardiac pase maker

alternative vs complementary

alternative you take instead

complementary you take with western medicine

Sir Alec Jeffeys

*discovered fingerprint DNA

CAT scans

use radiation

MRIs

use magnets

Factors contributing to growth in the medical industry

Innovative medical technology, aging population, longer life expediencies

Patient care professionals

involved with direct patient care:

Physicians

Nurses

Emts/paramedics

Laboratory and pharmacy professionals

involved with scientific side of health care:

lab technicians/specialists

Diagnostic and imaging professionals

some work with patients, others work behind the scenes

*clinical laboratory technologist

Therapy and rehabilitation professionals

assists patients with a variety of physical and work related issues:

Physical therapists

speech therapists

Healthcare information and administration professionals

responsible for managing medical, billing, insurance, legal and governmental information:

medical records technicians

coding specialists

medical transcripts

x

x

Egyptian medicine was considered highly advanced during this period

Ancient times

Essential requirement for anyone entering health information field

computer skills

CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS WORK IN WHICH FIELD

diagnostic and imaging professionals

Haung-Ti

Created first reference to blood circulation

Rosalind Franklin

studies DNA structure using x-ray diffraction

Humorism

the idea that the body is filled with 4 basic substances - yellow bile, block bile, blood, and phlegm- Hippocrates believed illness was caused by an imbalance in these

What does a nuclear medicine technologist do

uses radioactive materials to make an image