BSC 111L Practical #1 G

evolution

Genetic change over multiple generations

What leads to speciation?

natural selection

Facts of Natural Selection

- many traits are heritable

-More offspring are produced than can survive

inferences of natural selection

- Some organisms will have traits which make them better able to survive and/or reproduce (a measure of fitness)

- The "better" more competitive trait will be transmitted in greater numbers to offspring

positive selection

genotypes which improve survival/reproduction

negative selection

genotypes which decrease survival/reproduction and are nonadaptive.

taxonomy order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

how do you write binomial nomenclature?

- capitalize the genus but not the species

- italics if typed

- underline if written

what are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

4 kingdoms of eukarya

Protista (not a kingdom), Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Chlamydomonas

unicellular photosynthetic green algae; two flagella

Gonium

-unicellular

-colony size of 4,8,16,32

-gel holds cell together

Pandorina

-unicellular

-colony size of 16 or 32

-gel holds cells together

-directional movement

Eudorina

-unicellular

-colony size of 32,64, or 128

-directional movement

volvox

-unicelluar, photosyntheic algae

-colony of 100s

-communication

prokaryote

Cells have no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

eukaryote

Cells contain organelles and a nucleus. single or multiple cells

archaea

oldest life form. All single celled. Unique prokaryotes, many are extremophiles and anaerobes.

bacteria

found in most environments, widely distributed. All single celled.

extremophile

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food; self feeders

Heterotroph

get energy from other organisms, usually dead things (decomposers)

binary fission

copy dna→ divide in two

anaerobic

without oxygen

bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Cocci

spherical bacteria

Sprillia

spiral shaped bacteria

what is the oil immersion technique

-using immersion oil to view specimen

-ONLY used with 100X lens

-NEVER used with 40X lens

-you do not use the coarse adjustment knob

wet mount

a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination

prepared slide

a permanent slide where the specimen is mounted permanently with a mounting medium and a coverslip

what is gram staining?

Used to identify the 2 types of bacteria- those with and those without an outer layer of lipid

Gram +

thick peptidoglycan layer, purple

gram -

red; pink-ish, thick peptidoglycan layer

nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

cyanobacteria

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

oscillatoria

long filament of cells; photoautotrophs; cyanobacteria

nostoc

this cyanobacteria forms grape-like macroscopic colonies that contain two types of cells

Gloeocapsa

Cyanobacteria; unicellular with gelatinous sheath surrounding cell; looks like clusters of colonies

what is the zone of inhibition

The area around the antibiotic disk in which bacteria cannot grow

why are protists not considered a kingdom?

there a diverse group, making the original a polyphyletic group

protists are eukaryotes, but....

they have huge diversity

two categories of protists

protozoa and algae

how does algae gain nutrition?

photosynthesis

how does protozoa gain nutrition?

phagocytosis

how do protists defend themselves?

-fast movement

-release of toxins

-cellulose or silica walls

How are algae distinguished?

cellular organization

unicellular algae

Algae with bodies consisting of a single cell. Examples are diatoms and dinoflagellates.

filamentous algae

single celled organisms, existing as a chain of cells

colonial

exist as clump of cells

three common methods of movement among protists

cilia

flagella

pseudopodia

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

photosyntheic algaes:

chlamdyomomas, spirogyra, volvox, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids

Sprirogyra

green photosynthetic algae

diatoms

cell wall of silica which forms shoebox aorund cell

dinoflagellates; PERIDINIUM

plant-like protist that causes red tide

euglenoids; euglena

freshwater, capable of both autotrophy and heterotrophy (mixotroph) flagellated for movement

Ameoba

protist that moves and feeds with the help of pseudopods

Flagellates (Trypanosoma)

parasitic and free-living

at least one flagellum

ciliates (paramecium)

single celled ciliated organisms; have cilia

plasmodium

causes malaria;

parasite that causes malaria

fungi

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter

what is fungi's ecological and economic importance?

-decomposers

-symbiotic relationships with plants, protists, and bacteria

- source of foods (mushrooms, beer, whine, cheese)

- source of meds (penicillin, cyclosporine)

-parasitic infections of plants an animals (jock itch, athletes foot, etc.)

absorptive heterotrophs

secrete enzymes, digest externally, absorb nutrients

Saprotrophs

feed of dead or dying

parasites

feed off of living

hyphae

threadlike filaments

mycelium

mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus

chitin

Polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls.

sporangia

multicellular organs that produce spores

spores

single-celled reproductive bodies highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms

life cycle of fungi- sexual

plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm), karyogamy (fusion of nuclei), and meiosis (reduction of chromosome number)

life cycle of fungi- asexual

a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring through methods like spore formation, budding, or fragmentation, allowing for rapid reproduction and dispersal

what is phylum Zygomycota

bread molds

can be sexaul or asexual

Asexual Rhizopus

sporangium produces idenctical spores

sexual Rhizopus zygosporangium

following karyogamy, a zygosporangium produces unique zygospores

what is Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi

includes yeasts, molds, and truffles

Penicillium

conidiophore produces identical conidia

Saccharomyces

budding cells

Peziza

During sexual reproduction in a sac fungus ,an ascocarp is formed. The ascocarp interior is lined with "sac"-shaped asci. Each ascus produces eight ascospores.

phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)

Parts of a mushroom

annulus, gills, cap, stalk, basidiocarp

annulus

#4

gills

underside of cap

cap (mushroom)

top of mushroom #1

stalk (mushroom)

the upright portion that supports the cap

basidiocarp

fruiting body that protrudes from the ground and bears the basidia

Coprinus mushroom- what happens in the gills of the basidiocarp

Each basidium produces four basidiospores

Parasitism

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

lichen

a mutualistic symbiosis of a fungus and either an algae or a cyanobacterium

crustose lichen

foliose lichen

fruticose lichen

Mycorrhizae

fungi which form a mutualistic symbiosis with plants through roots

How do fungi benefit from mycorrhizae

from the photosynthetic products of the plant

How do plants benefit from mycorrhizae

from the ability of the fungus to obtain water and inorganic nutrients

Lichen

a mutualistic symbiosis of a fungus and either an algae or a cyanobacterium