Plant and Animal Tissues: Structure and Systems

Vocabulary flashcards covering plant tissue types, tissue systems, specialized plant cells, and the introduction to animal epithelial tissues based on the lecture notes.

Simple permanent tissues

Tissues composed of only one type of cell.

Complex permanent tissues

Tissues composed of more than one type of cell working together, such as xylem and phloem.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the plant body, consisting of a tightly packed, single layer of flat and rectangular cells.

Cuticle

A waxy layer of cutin covering the epidermis that reduces water loss and provides protection against mechanical injury and parasites.

Root hair

Hair-like projections from epidermal cells in roots that increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

Stomata

Pores in the leaf epidermis that facilitate gaseous exchange and transpiration.

Transpiration

The evaporation of water vapours through stomata which helps in water transportation by creating a pull in xylem.

Parenchyma

Simple permanent tissue consisting of living cells with thin walls and intercellular spaces; it stores food and performs photosynthesis in green parts.

Collenchyma

Supporting tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened corners due to pectin deposition, providing support and flexibility.

Pectin

A chemical deposition found in collenchyma cells that provides flexibility like rubber.

Sclerenchyma

Tissue with thick walls due to lignin deposition, making them hard and strong; most of these cells are dead.

Lignin

A substance deposited in the walls of sclerenchyma cells that forms woody structures and provides strength.

Xylem

Conducting tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant and provides structural strength.

Tracheids and Vessels

Tubular and thick-walled components of xylem tissue.

Xylem parenchyma

The only living component of the xylem tissue.

Phloem

Conducting tissue mostly made of living cells that transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Sieve tubes

Long, tubular phloem cells joined end to end by perforated walls used for food transport.

Companion cells

Specialised parenchyma cells that regulate the cellular functions of sieve tube cells and monitor the loading and unloading of sugars.

Phloem parenchyma

Cells in the phloem that store food materials as well as resin, tannins, and latex.

Dermal tissue system

The system forming the outer covering of the plant that protects inner parts and reduces water loss.

Ground tissue system

The main body of a plant between the dermal and conducting tissues, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Vascular tissue system

The system consisting of the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem.

Sipra Guha Mukherjee and S. C. Maheshwari

Scientists who made a breakthrough in plant tissue culture by developing a complete plant through anther culture.

Cork cambium

Lateral meristematic cells that develop below the epidermis in older plants and divide to form cork cells.

Cork cells

Dead, compactly arranged cells that are impermeable to water and gases, forming the bark of the tree.

Epithelial tissues

Animal tissues that form the outer covering of the body and line internal organs, composed of closely packed cells with very little space.